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DNA damage is well recognized as a critical factor in cancer development and progression. DNA lesions create an abnormal nucleotide or nucleotide fragment, causing a break in one or both chains of the DNA strand. When DNA damage occurs, the possibility of generated mutations increases. Genomic instability is one of the most important factors that lead to cancer development. DNA repair pathways perform the essential role of correcting the DNA lesions that occur from DNA damaging agents or carcinogens, thus maintaining genomic stability. Inefficient DNA repair is a critical driving force behind cancer establishment, progression and evolution. A thorough understanding of DNA repair mechanisms in cancer will allow for better therapeutic intervention. In this review we will discuss the relationship between DNA damage/repair mechanisms and cancer, and how we can target these pathways.

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Background: NADPH oxidase is a hydrogen peroxide-generating enzyme, involved in redox signaling in cancer. Results: NADPH oxidase-generated hydrogen peroxide increases DNA damage and genomic instability. Conclusion: NADPH oxidase-derived hydrogen peroxide mediates DNA damage in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Significance: The mechanism of DNA damage generation is important for studying aggressive AML phenotypes.

It is shown that the equation ΔE = αT2/(T + β), which is commonly used to describe the temperature variation of energy gaps in semiconductors, is a second order approximation of the electron–phonon interaction term in the recently proposed equation ΔE = UTs + Vθ[coth (θ/2T) – 1]. The calculation shows that the parameters α and β of the approximate equation can describe the characteristics of semiconductors only if the relation [Formula: see text] holds, with the validity limited by the magnitude of the existing dilation effect. In this case it is found that β = θ/2 where θ is the effective Einstein vibrational frequency, in temperature units, of the phonon spectrum in the material. A comparison of the two equations when fitted to experimental data is presented and discussed.