A physical and mathematical model is presented to simulate realistic hydrological conditions and to evaluate coupled river and aquifer as water supply system. The approach is applied to estimate the extraction effects on the river and related aquifers under different conditions, with the purpose of determining the water supply potential and sustainability of the coupled system. The model consists of the conceptual and numerical coupling of two structures that take into account different aspects of the systems being considered. The fi rst is a free-surface fl ow structure, and it carries out the balance of mass and momentum along the river course, whereas the second one is of hydrogeological type that performs the mass balance in combination with Darcy's law in each aquifer of interest for evaluation purposes. The two parts of the model are coupled by their source terms with a very simple linear relationship; the numerical implementation is carried out by using MODFLOW and ISIS codes. After calibrating the models with fi eld parameters, an iterative coupling process is given where each structure must satisfy their criteria of internal convergence. The complete model is satisfactory whenever the iterative coupling process and the hydrogeological and hydraulic models converge. The conceptual approach is applied to the real and natural system constituted by the Papagayo river and the aquifers located in the river banks locally known as Norte, Obra de Toma, and Lomas de Chapultepec, in the State of Guerrero, México to determine their sustainable water supply potential. Keywords: darcy's law, equations of Saint-Venant, fl ow balance in aquifers, stream-aquifer-coupled systems. INTRODUCTIONThere are several approaches to analyze the river and aquifer interaction. The study of the fl ow in aquifers and streams through physical-based analysis and numerical simulation models has been carried out in many occasions considering both systems separately. In the best situations when analyzing one of them, the other is considered in a simple and incomplete manner; yet each individual component constitutes a dynamic system that in turn interacts dynamically with the other. Each system is governed by its own fi eld equations of balance of mass, energy, and constitutive relationships that are related among themselves by coupling terms. The purpose of this paper is to present an approach to simultaneously evaluate the behavior of rivers and aquifers as sustainable supply systems, under realistic conditions, based on their balance equations of mass and energy coupled by physical fl ow exchange terms. The numerical implementation is carried out by using MODFLOW and ISIS models. The combined model makes possible the evaluation of availability and sustainability of water for supply aims, when underground exploitation sites are near or on river courses; furthermore, the approximation remains valid when the wells lie far from river courses; in these case the river and aquifer interaction is less intense. One special situation aris...

Infiltration of water and of leached substances through the capillary zone depends on the physical and structural characteristics of the ground and subsoil as well as on the intensity and duration of the rainfall or irrigation, vegetal cover, terrain slope, drainage pattern, etc. Infiltration models can be classified in three categories: semi-empirical, of Green-Ampt and of Richards' type. The results of infiltration models become the input of other flow and transport models, and of hydrologic balances in basins. Field works were carried out to quantify the rates of infiltration by means of Porchet's tests, and analyzed in the context of the semi-empirical method of Horton, in the sliding zone of the right bank of Juan de Grijalva River, between the hydroelectric dams of Malpaso and Peñitas, Chiapas, Mexico. The results indicate that the area known as Zona de Relictos maintains the highest average values of infiltration, and it is followed by units U-I, U-II and U-III. Realized tests fall within the scope of the hydrologic studies and engineering works that Comisión Federal de Electricidad is performing in the site to guarantee the stability of the sliding zone, by draining the groundwater flow and channeling the runoff after rainfall events.

A mathematical model to evaluate coupled supply systems of rivers and aquifer types is presented; it is applied in the qualitative and quantitative estimation of extraction effects on the rivers and related aquifers under different hydrologic situations, with the purpose of determining the supply potential of the system. The model consists of the conceptual and numerical coupling of two structures that take into account different aspects of the systems under consideration. The first is for analyzing free-surface flow, and the second to carry out the analysis of flow in each one of the aquifers of interest for evaluation purposes. The coupling process occurs in iterative terms, the numerical implementation is realized by means of MODFLOW and ISIS. The approach is applied to the Papagayo River and the aquifers located in their river beds, in Guerrero State, México. The model is consistent with the field observations and numerically demonstrates that the system is able to yield the required volume by the aquifers and directly from the river.

Rainwater harvesting dates from ancient times, beginning in the Middle East more than 4000 years ago, in countries and regions such as Jordan, Mesopotamia and Palestine; these were progressively developed in Asia and America. Recently, rainwater harvesting is again an outstanding option for mitigation of water scarcity worldwide. Water in rivers, lakes, surface reservoirs and aquifers is increasingly impaired, which identifies that rainwater is a meaningful option for the supply. Its extensive use contributes to sustainable water management, reducing supply problems. Rainwater can be used in the whole range of human activities. Its benefits are environmental and economic. This paper shows the experiences of the International Centre for Demonstration and Training on Rainwater Harvesting (CIDECALLI, for its acronym in Spanish) of the Graduate College of Chapingo and Federal Electricity Commission (CFE), México, in the development of prototypes for the use of rainwater for human consumption at the level of family and community, backyard production, controlled environments, animal consumption, workplaces, aquifer recharge, and industry which have been developed in México and several countries in Latin America.

The natural dynamics of the hydrologic cycle involves the exchange of water, substances, and energy between the atmosphere, soil surface, biota, interflow zone, and aquifer subsystems. The dynamics is governed by physical laws and is powered by the sun; however, today it is also necessary to consider the action of man on the natural dynamics. The purpose of this paper is to present a conceptual physical framework for the study of the component subsystems of the hydrological cycle, which allows the development of integrated mathematical models. It is assumed that each subsystem is governed by its own field equations of balance of mass, energy and constitutive relationships, and that these are related by coupling terms, all of them following the maximum entropy principle, that drives the processes and subsystems to equilibrium thermodynamic states.