The chemist is fascinated to see the realizat'ion of chemical behavior previously predicted by t'heoretical reasoning. Mendeleev established the reasoning by the basic idea that "there must be some bond of union between mass and the chemical elements" ( I ) . In order that chemical analogies should be preserved, he left gaps in his periodic classification and predicted the properties of these missing elements with remarkable accuracy.More recently, crystal chemistry has provided a more quantitative basis for predicting chemical syntheses. An early example of this is provided by the work of Grimm and Herzfield (8) where use was made of latatice energies of neighboring stable compounds in the periodic table and, for some compounds, values calculated from the Born-Lande equation (3):where U is the lattice energy, N is Avogadro's number, M is the Madelung constant, z+ and z-are the valencies of the ions, e is the charge on the electron, r is the interionic distance, and n is the electronic shells repulsion exponent.The various lattice energies were used to predict the stability of a number of hypothetical compounds. For example, it was predicted that the monohalides of the noble gases would be unstable in an ionic lattice and would decompose into the constituent elements (8).The Born-Lande equation is dependent on an exact lcnowlcdge of crystal structure and hence of the Madelung constant. The same is also true of certain other equations employed for the calculation of lattice energies of compounds. One such equation is that of Born-R l a~e r (41, an improved version of equation ( I ) , where p characterizes the quantum-mechanical repulsion forces acting between the electronic shells of the ions and has the di~nensions of length. For most crystals p may be regarded as practically constant a t 0.345 A. The Kapustinskii EquationsFor hitherto unknown conlpounds, it is imperative that a certain crystal structure be assumed before equat,ions of the type of (1) and (2) can be used. Kapustinskii (5) regarded such an assumption as unsatisfactory and proposed an equation with which it was possible to ext,end the sphere of calculations of lattice energies.The development of this equation may be traced by making a slight modification in equations ( 1 ) and (2) (6, 7) to give equat,ions (3) and (4). respectively.In both equations, v is the number of ions in the molecule and cr = [ M / ( v / 2 ) ] . The Rfadelung constant, M, is independent of cr, since it is proportional to the number of ions in the chemical molecule. However, or is not identical for different lattice types and Kapustinskii (5) found, empirically, that in passing from one lattice type to another, the change in u was proportional to the change in interionic distance.With these modifications and by taking the Goldschmidt ionic radii referred to the coordination number 6, giving (r+ + r -) for r , and the structural coefficient, u = 1.745, for roclr-salt type lattices, the same value is obtained for the lattice energy as by calculating it with the aid of r, derived...

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Progress in biological research has, in recent years, been characterised by its acceptance of, and dependence on, an ever increasing number of physical methods. The rapid expansion and the wideranging nature of biological applications of magnetic resonance methods represent important aspects of this development. A discussion of such applica.tions of magnetic resonance forms the subject of the present volume, which is the third in a continuing series that aims t o provide chemists, biochemists and biologists, working in this inter-disciplinary area with the information necessary for evaluating current literature and for planning future experiments.The volume contains five essays on new applications of multiple irradiation methods in magnetic resonance studies of biological molecules, contributed by authors who are leading research workers in their respective fields. R. M. Keller and K. Wuthrich (Zurich) survey multiple irradiation proton nuclear magnetic resonance measurements on haemoproteins, which provide, inter alia, information on the pathways by which electrons are transferred to and from haem-iron during biological oxidationreduction reactions. Such measurements can, also, complement comparative studies of related proteins by providing data on structural features that are not easily observed by other techniques.N. D. Chasteen (Durham, NH, USA) reports on the growing interest in employing the oxycation VO2+ as an electron spin resonance (ESR) spin probe for investigating proteins, nucleic acids, liquid crystals and biogeochemical systems.'The chemical and spectroscopic properties of the V02+ ion make it particularly useful as a n ESR probe. ESR methods for examining calcium-and proton-induced phase separations in phosphatidylserinephosphatidylcholine mixed membranes are described by S. Ohnishi and S. Tokutomi (Kyoto). After providing experimental details for preparing spin-labelled membranes, they report the results of phase separations on such membranes and discuss competition between calcium and hydrogen ions.