The importance of electron cyclotron (EC) wave emission to the local electron power balance is analysed for various ITER operation regimes and, for comparison, for typical working conditions of FIRE, IGNITOR and the reactor-grade ITER concept as considered during the Engineering Design Phase (ITER-EDA). To cover the non-local effects in EC wave emission as well, the CYTRAN routine along with the ASTRA transport code is used. As a result, EC wave emission is shown to be a significant contributor to core electron cooling if the core electron temperature is about 35 keV or higher, as expected for ITER and tokamak reactor steady-state operation; in fact, it becomes the dominant core electron cooling mechanism at temperatures exceeding 40 keV, as such affecting the core plasma power balance in an important way.

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The electron internal transport barrier (eITB) formation in the Large Helical Device (LHD) is studied with the transport code TOTAL and a GyroBohm-like model. The reduction of anomalous transport by the E x B shear has been introduced by means of the factor [1 + (tauomega(ExB))(gamma)](-1). Simulation results show a clear critical transition between plasma regimes with rather flat electron temperature profiles (non-) to a steeped one (with eITB) when average density is low enough. With the aim of studying the eITB formation as a phase transition phenomenon, the electron average density is taken as the control parameter and the E x B shearing rate as the order parameter. Results show how the eITB formation in LHD is compatible with a continuum phase transition with critical exponent beta = 0.40.

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