Neurons of amygdalohippocampal area (AHA) of the amygdaloid complex (AC) in adult control and progesterone (P) neonatally treated adult male rats were studied using light microscopy and morphometric analysis. Progesterone in a single dose of 1.25 mg was administered at the age of 5 days (neonatal period) and in a dose of 5 mg at 30 days of age. Two stereological parameters were estimated: the volume density (VJ (mm0) AHA cell nuclei cytoplasm, neuropil and the numerical density (NJ (mm3) of neurons. In adult, neonatally and juvenilely treated male rats (VJ (mm0) AHA cell nuclei, cytoplasm and numerical density (NJ (mm3) of neurons were significantly higher (p<0.05 and p<0.001) while Vv of neuropil was significantly lower (p<0.001) compared with the values of investigated parameters in the controls

Epinephrine can modulate mitotic activity of normal and malignant cells and exhibit genotoxic potential in some test-systems. It is assumed that metabolic conversion of phenolic groups in the catechol ring of epinephrine leads to the formation of reactive derivatives and superoxide anions capable of damaging cellular molecules including DNA. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of epinephrine on human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro. The lowest concentration of epinephrine used in these experiments (5x10-10 M) was calculated to be in the range of the physiological blood level of epinephrine in humans. Three experimental concentrations corresponded to minimal (2x10-7 M), average (10-6 M) and maximal (5x10-6 M) therapeutic doses in human medicine. In addition, the highest concentrations exceeded the maximal therapeutic dose 10-fold (5x10-5 M) and 30-fold (1.5x10-4 M), respectively. On the basis of the results obtained it can be concluded that epinephrine had no influence on the appearance of chromosome aberrations under the described experimental conditions. However, mitotic index was significantly lower in cultures treated with the three highest concentrations of epinephrine used in this investigation

The influence of progesterone on myelin of the brain in adult male Wistar rats was investigated by labelling the myelin of neurons in 5 mm thick brain sections with Nile blue stain. The following nuclei were analysed hypothalamic nucleus arcuatus (ARC) and nucleus paraventricularis (NPV) claustrum (CL), nuclei of the corticomedial part of amygdala: nucleus medialis (NM), nucleus corticalis (NCO) and nucleus centralis (NCE) and in the basolateral part of amygdala, nucleus basolateralis (NBL), nucleus basomedialis (NBM) and nucleus lateralis posterior (NLP). In control male rats sacrificed at 62 days of age a great number of neurons labelled with Nile blue for myelin were detected by stereological analysis.They were observed in; ARC and NPV, in the corticomedial amygdaloid nuclei (NM, NCE NCO) as well as in the basolateral nuclei (NBL, NBM and NLP). In CL there was a smaller number of neurons with labelled myelin than in the other investigated regions. In comparison to the controls, the number of neurons labelled with Nile blue for myelin in progesterone treated male rats was significantly reduced in ARC of hypothalamus and in NCO of amygdala. A significant increase was observed in NPV of hypothalamus, and in NM, NCE NBL and NBM of amygdala. On the other hand, in CL the number of neurons labelled with Nile blue for myelin was not changed

The subclavian artery (a. subclavia) is the intrathoracic portion of the parent vessel to each thoracic limb in the ground squirrel. It arises on the left side from the arch of the aorta (a. subclavia sinistra) and on the right side subclavia dextra) as a terminal branch of the innominate artery (a. anonyma) not far from the thoracic inlet. Before they leave the thoracic cavity and continue as the axillary arteries (a. axillaris) each subclavian artery forms the following branches: The internal thoracic artery (a. thoracica interna) with its branches (a. musculophrenica, a. epigastrica cranialis, ramus intercostalis and ramus sternalis) supplies the diaphragm the last eight intercostal muscles, the abdominal and intercostal muscles and the thoracic mammary gland with blood. The supreme intercostal artery (a. intercostalis suprema) with its branches (a. intercostalis I, II, III and IV and truncus bronchoesophagicus of the right supreme intercostal artery) supplies the first four intercostal muscles, esophagus, lung and mediastinum. The vertebral artery (a. vertebralis) is the main vessel which supplies the brain. Its branches (rami spinales, a basilaris, a. ethmoidea interna, a. cerebelli nasalis, a. cerebri profunda, a. cerebri media and a. corporis callosi) supply the spinal cord, medulla oblongata, pons, cerebellum, caudal colliculi, mucous membrane of the nasal cavity, mesencephalon, diencephalon cerebral hemispheres and corpus callosum and hemisphere. The omocervical trunk (truncus omocervicalis) is a strong vessel, which with its branches (ramus descendens, a. cervicalis ascendens, a. transversa scapulae and cervicalis superficialis) supplies the deep ventral cervical muscles with associated brown fat tissue and lymphonodes as well as the subscapular and supraspinatus muscles. The transverse colli artery (a. transversa colli) branches into the extrinsic muscle of the shoulder. The deep cervical artery (a. cervicalis profunda) conveys blood to the dorsal cervical muscles. The axillary artery (a. axillaris) is a continuation of the subclavian artery. Its branches (a. thoracoacromialis, a. thoracica externa, a. profunda brachii) supply the lateral and medial shoulder muscles and dorsal antebrachium muscles. The brachial artery (a. brachialis) is a continuation of the axillary artery. Its branches (rami musculares, a. bicipitalis, a. collateralis ulnaris, a. nutritia humeri, a. collateralis radialis proximalis and a. collateralis radialis distalis) conveys blood to the triceps and biceps muscles, humerus and flexor muscle of the antebrachium. The median artery (a. mediana) is a continuation of the brachial artery. Its branches (rami musculares, a. interossea communis, a. radialis and a. ulnaris) supply the flexor and extensor digit muscles

From studies of the extrahepatic veins and intrahepatic veins of the portal system in the ground squirrel, using anatomical methods and rentgenography the following can be concluded: The portal vein is formed by the confluence of three venous blood vessels which are present the extrahepatic part of the portal system in the ground squirrel: V. gastropancreaticoduodenalis, V. gastrolienalis and V. mesenterica cranialis. V. portae runs towards the portal fissure and divides, upon entering the liver, into a small right branch which is dispersed in the right lobes and a large left branch which ramifies in the remainder of the liver. V. gastropancreaticoduodenalis receives blood from the greater omentum of the stomach (V. gastroepiploica dextra), the cranial part of the duodenum and the right segment of the pancreas (V. pancreaticoduodenalis cranialis). Truncus gastrolienalis drains the parietal and visceral wall of the stomach (V. gastrica sinistra), the spleen and left portion of the greater omentum (V. lienalis). V. mesenterica cranialis collects blood from the middle part of the duodenum and adjacent part of the pancreas (V. pancreaticoduodenalis media), from the caudal part of the duodenum and the caudal segment of the pancreas (V. pancreaticoduodenalis caudalis), from the jejunum (Vv. jejunales) and from the ileum, cecum and colon (Truncus ileocecocolicus). The extrahepatic veins of the portal system in the ground squirrel are joined through a number of anastomoses. V. portae enters the portal fissure and divides into V. advehens lobi dextri lateralis et processus caudatus, V. advehens lobi dextri medialis, V. advehens processus papillaris, V. advehens lobi quadrati et lobi sinistri medialis and Vv. advehentes lobi sinistri lateralis which branch into a large number of smaller vessels in corresponding lobes of the liver. These veins form the intrahepatic part of the portal system in the ground squirrel