A taxonomic revision of the Microchiropteran genus Hipposideros is presented in this study which is primarily devoted to an examination of the genus at the specific and higher levels, with marked emphasis on the detailed diagnosis of its numerous species, their relationships, supraspecific groupings and probable phylogeny.

Keys to the various families in this order are given by Miller (1907). SUB-ORDER MeGACHIROPTERAIn general, the classification of Andersen (1912) has been followed. Andersen's work is the most recent comprehensive treatment of the sub-order, and contains keys to all genera, species and races named before 1912.

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The century between Reformation and Civil War saw a slow but steady expansion of the cultivated area of England—by bringing new lands under the plough in outlying regions like Devon and Cornwall, Cumberland and Westmorland; by extension of cultivation to forests, wastes and common lands; and by drainage. The same century also saw an expansion of the area of London's trade, and of London influence. Corn and dairy products were being shipped to the capital from Yorkshire, Durham and Northumberland. London merchants began to purchase wool direct from North Wales, Wiltshire and the West Riding. Welsh cottons and cattle depended on the London market: early in the Civil War the gentry of North Wales petitioned the King for safe conduct across the fighting lines for their herds. Merchants in Shrewsbury and Hereford kept up trading connexions with the capital throughout the Civil War: Worcester merchants tried to do the same.