Sensing the internal dynamics of individual nuclear spins or clusters of nuclear spins has recently become possible by observing the coherence decay of a nearby electronic spin: the weak magnetic noise is amplified by a periodic, multi-pulse decoupling sequence. However, it remains challenging to robustly infer underlying atomic-scale structure from decoherence traces in all but the simplest cases. We introduce Floquet spectroscopy as a versatile paradigm for analysis of these experiments, and argue it offers a number of general advantages. In particular, this technique generalises to more complex situations, offering physical insight in regimes of manybody dynamics, strong coupling and pulses of finite duration. As there is no requirement for resonant driving, the proposed spectroscopic approach permits physical interpretation of striking, but overlooked, coherence decay features in terms of the form of the avoided crossings of the underlying quasienergy eigenspectrum. This is exemplified by a set of "diamond" shaped features arising for transverse-field scans in the case of single-spin sensing by NV-centers in diamond. We investigate also applications for donors in silicon showing that the resulting tunable interaction strengths offer highly promising future sensors.

We develop theoretically and demonstrate experimentally a universal dynamical decoupling method for robust quantum sensing with unambiguous signal identification. Our method uses randomisation of control pulses to suppress simultaneously two types of errors in the measured spectra that would otherwise lead to false signal identification. These are spurious responses due to finite-width π pulses, as well as signal distortion caused by π pulse imperfections. For the cases of nanoscale nuclear spin sensing and AC magnetometry, we benchmark the performance of the protocol with a single nitrogen vacancy centre in diamond against widely used nonrandomised pulse sequences. Our method is general and can be combined with existing multipulse quantum sensing sequences to enhance their performance.DD-based quantum sensing.-Whilst our method is applicable to any qubit sensor, we illustrate it here with single NV arXiv:1903.01559v1 [quant-ph]

The nitrogen vacancy (NV) color center in diamond is an enormously important platform for the development of quantum sensors, including for single spin and single molecule NMR. Detection of weak single-spin signals is greatly enhanced by repeated sequences of microwave pulses; in these dynamical decoupling (DD) techniques, the key control parameters swept in the experiment are the time intervals, τ , between pulses. Here we show that, in fact, the pulse duration tp offers a powerful additional control parameter. While previously, non-negligible tp has been considered simply a source of experimental error, here we elucidate the underlying quantum dynamics: we identify a landscape of quantum-state crossings which are usually closed (inactive) but may be controllably activated (opened) by adjusting tp from zero. We identify these crossings with recently observed but unexpected dips (so called spurious dips) seen in the quantum coherence of the NV spin. With this new understanding, both the position and strength of these sharp features may be accurately controlled; they co-exist with the usual broader coherence dips of short-duration microwave pulses, but their sharpness allows for higher resolution spectroscopy with quantum diamond sensors, or their analogues.

The extraordinary sensitivity of the output field of an optical cavity to small quantum-scale displacements has led to breakthroughs such as the first detection of gravitational waves and of the motions of quantum ground-state cooled mechanical oscillators. While heterodyne detection of the output optical field of an optomechanical system exhibits asymmetries which provide a key signature that the mechanical oscillator has attained the quantum regime, important quantum correlations are lost. In turn, homodyning can detect quantum squeezing in an optical quadrature, but loses the important sideband asymmetries. Here we introduce and experimentally demonstrate a new technique, subjecting the autocorrelators of the output current to filter functions, which restores the lost heterodyne correlations (whether classical or quantum), drastically augmenting the useful information accessible. The filtering even adjusts for moderate errors in the locking phase of the local oscillator. Hence we demonstrate single-shot measurement of hundreds of different field quadratures allowing rapid imaging of detailed features from a simple heterodyne trace. We also obtain a spectrum of hybrid homodyne-heterodyne character, with motional sidebands of combined amplitudes comparable to homodyne. Although investigated here in a thermal regime, the method's robustness and generality represents a promising new approach to sensing of quantum-scale displacements.Homodyne and heterodyne detection represent "twinpillars" of quantum displacement sensing using the output field of an optical cavity, having permitted major breakthroughs including detection of gravitational waves [1,2]. Earlier versions of LIGO employed a radiofrequency (RF) heterodyne detection system, but this was later replaced by a homodyne scheme [2]. The broader field of quantum cavity optomechanics has also exposed a rich seam of interesting phenomena arising from the coupling between the mode of a cavity and a small mechanical oscillator [3][4][5] and of the motion of quantum ground-state cooled mechanical oscillators.Several groups have successfully cooled a mechanical oscillator [6][7][8] down to mean phonon occupancy n ∼ 1 or under, close to its quantum ground state. Read-out of the temperature was achieved by detection of motional sidebands in the cavity output by homodyne or heterodyne methods.Heterodyne (but not homodyne) detection exposes mechanical sideband asymmetries [9][10][11] which are the hallmark of the quantum regime [10,11]: the observations mirror an underlying asymmetry in the motional spectrum since an oscillator in its ground state n = 0, can absorb a phonon and down-convert the photon frearXiv:1708.03294v2 [quant-ph]

Characteristic dips appear in the coherence traces of a probe qubit when dynamical decoupling (DD) is applied in synchrony with the precession of target nuclear spins, forming the basis for nanoscale nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The frequency of the microwave control pulses is chosen to match the qubit transition but this can be detuned from resonance by experimental errors, hyperfine coupling intrinsic to the qubit, or inhomogeneous broadening. The detuning acts as an additional static field which is generally assumed to be completely removed in Hahn echo and DD experiments. Here we demonstrate that this is not the case in the presence of finite pulse-durations, where a detuning can drastically alter the coherence response of the probe qubit, with important implications for sensing applications. Using the electronic spin associated with a nitrogen-vacancy centre in diamond as a test qubit system, we analytically and experimentally study the qubit coherence response under CPMG and XY8 dynamical decoupling control schemes in the presence of finite pulse-durations and static detunings. Most striking is the splitting of the NMR resonance under CPMG, whereas under XY8 the amplitude of the NMR signal is modulated. Our work shows that the detuning error must not be neglected when extracting data from quantum sensor coherence traces. arXiv:1809.03234v2 [quant-ph]