The goal of the present study was to examine the contribution of thalamo-amygdala and thalamo-cortico-amygdala projections to fear conditioning. Lesions were used to destroy either the thalamo-cortico-amygdala projection, the thalamo-amygdala projection, or both projections, and the effects of such lesions on the acquisition of conditioned fear responses (changes in arterial pressure and freezing behavior) to a tone paired with footshock were measured. In each group of animals examined, a large lesion of the acoustic thalamus, including all nuclei of the medial geniculate body and adjacent portions of the posterior thalamus, was made on one side of the brain to block auditory transmission to the forebrain at the level of the thalamus on that side. In this way, experimental lesions could be made on the contralateral side of the brain. Thus, animals with thalamo-amygdala pathway lesions received a large lesion of the acoustic thalamus on one side. Contralaterally, only the nuclei that project to the amygdala (the medial division of the medial geniculate body, the posterior intralaminar nucleus, and the suprageniculate nucleus) were selectively destroyed, leaving much of the thalamo-cortico-amygdala projection intact. For thalamo-cortico-amygdala pathway lesions, the acoustic thalamus was destroyed on one side and temporal and perirhinal cortices were ablated contralaterally. In these animals, thalamo-amygdala projections were intact on the side of the cortical lesion. Destruction of either pathway alone had no effect on auditory fear conditioning. However, combined lesions of the two sensory pathways disrupted conditioning.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The purpose of this study was to identify the afferent link in the neural pathway which mediates emotional responses coupled to auditory stimuli. We evaluated whether autonomic and behavioral responses elicited by acoustic conditioned emotional stimuli are based on afferent information derived from the auditory cortex or from the auditory thalamic relay station, the medial geniculate nucleus (MG), in rats. The rat auditory cortex was defined through anterograde neuroanatomical tracing studies involving the injection of HRP into MG. Lesions were then placed in the auditory cortex or in MG. After 10 to 20 days the rats were subjected to classical fear conditioning trials involving the pairing of a pure tone with electric footshock. Changes in mean arterial pressure and heart rate and the duration of immobilization ("freezing") and drink suppression elicited by presentation during extinction trials (no footshock) of the acoustic conditioned emotional stimulus were measured. Auditory cortex lesions did not affect the magnitude of the mean arterial pressure or heart rate conditioned responses nor the duration of freezing or drink suppression. In contrast, lesions of MG suppressed the magnitude of both the autonomic and somatomotor (behavioral) conditioned emotional responses but did not affect either autonomic or somatic responses elicited by the footshock unconditioned stimulus. Lesions of the inferior colliculus, the primary source of afferent input to MG, replicated the effects of MG lesions. These findings demonstrate that lesions of MG and lower auditory centers, but not lesions of the auditory cortex, block autonomic and behavioral conditioned emotional responses coupled to acoustic stimuli and indicate that subcortical rather than cortical efferents of MG sustain these responses. Our concurrent observation that MG projects to several subcortical areas (central and lateral amygdala; caudate-putamen; ventromedial hypothalamus) involved in emotional behavior and autonomic function suggests hypotheses concerning subsequent links in this emotional processing pathway.

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