Nineteen boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and thirteen normal control boys (ages 8-10) were compared to evaluate the effects of psychostimulant (methylphenidate, MPH) treatment on behavioral performance data and ERPs. The ERPs were recorded from 19 active electrode sites during a selective attention Stroop Test. The Stroop test did not discriminate baseline performance differences between ADHD boys and Controls; however, the performance measures were sensitive to MPH treatment effects. Several baseline ERP differences between the ADHD boys and Controls were identified for nontargets (P3a latencies) and targets (N1 latencies, P3b amplitudes and latencies). MPH affected both early and late nontarget and target ERP components evoked during the performance of the Stroop test which suggested that both early sensory mechanisms and later cognitive processes were affected by the psychostimulant. It is suggested that the results support attentional deficits in both anterior and posterior regions of the brain.
Whereas the proportion of older adults who experience gambling problems appears relatively small, factors such as cognitive changes with age, social isolation and maintaining fixed incomes can make older adults particularly susceptible to gambling problems, increasing the severity of the consequences they may experience. Relatively few resources are available that are directed specifically to older adults with gambling problems. This report identifies, based on the knowledge and evidence currently available, Best Practices for treating gambling problems among older adults intended for practitioners, patients, families, policy makers and others concerned with this population. A team of gambling researchers and experienced clinicians first identified overarching conceptual frameworks to guide the work. The researchers then shaped a set of Best Practices that was reviewed by a working group developing Best Practices for preventing gambling problems among older adults. Based on their feedback, the authors created a final set of Best Practices. This process was informed at all stages by a systematic review of the literature, evidence from a recent population survey of gambling among Ontario older adults, and ongoing review by practice experts. These guidelines focus on five areas: (1) person-centred and family-focused care, (2) screening and assessment, (3) secondary prevention and early intervention, (4) tertiary prevention and specialized treatment, and (5) ongoing support and recovery resources. Limitations include the paucity of studies specifically on gambling and older adults. We offer these as the most current clinical guidelines for those clinicians and researchers working with older adults, in anticipation of evolving Best Practices as new evidence and consequent greater knowledge become available.RésuméBien que la proportion de personnes âgées ayant des problèmes de jeu semble relativement faible, des facteurs tels que les changements cognitifs avec l’âge, l’isolement social et des revenus fixes peuvent rendre les adultes plus vulnérables aux problèmes de jeu, ce qui augmente la gravité des conséquences. Il existe relativement peu de ressources disponibles destinées spécifiquement aux personnes âgées ayant des problèmes de jeu. Selon les connaissances et les données probantes actuellement disponibles, ce rapport fait l’inventaire des meilleures pratiques pour traiter les problèmes de jeu chez les personnes âgées, pratiques qui sont destinées aux praticiens, aux patients, aux familles, aux décideurs et aux autres personnes concernées par cette population. Une équipe de chercheurs sur le jeu et de cliniciens chevronnés a d’abord établi les cadres conceptuels généraux pour guider le travail. Ensuite, un ensemble de pratiques exemplaires a été constitué et examiné par un groupe de travail chargé de mettre au point les meilleures pratiques pour prévenir les problèmes de jeu chez les personnes âgées. Un ensemble de meilleures pratiques a été retenu en tenant compte de leurs commentaires. Toutes les étapes du processus ont été soutenues par une revue systématique de la littérature, des preuves tirées d’une enquête récente sur la population des personnes âgées en Ontario et un examen continu effectué par des experts praticiens. Les directives portent sur cinq domaines: (1) les soins centrés sur la personne et la famille, (2) le dépistage et l’évaluation, (3) la prévention secondaire et l’intervention précoce, (4) la prévention tertiaire et le traitement spécialisé, (5) ainsi que les ressources permanentes pour le soutien et le rétablissement. La rareté des études portant spécifiquement sur le jeu et les personnes plus âgées a limité cette analyse. Nous offrons actuellement les meilleures lignes directrices cliniques aux personnes qui travaillent avec des personnes âgées, en gardant en vue l’évolution des meilleures pratiques au gré de nouvelles preuves et connaissances.
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