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Abstract-Hypertension is the most prevalent risk factor for incident atrial fibrillation (AF). Recently, even high normal blood pressures (BPs) have been established as predictive of AF in women. We aimed to study the long-term impact of upper normal BP on incident AF in a population-based study of middle-aged men. From 1972From to 1975From , 2014 Key Words: arrhythmia Ⅲ cardiac disease Ⅲ epidemiology Ⅲ hypertension Ⅲ men T he incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) is increasing in the general population. 1-3 Currently, there is growing awareness of AF as a major health problem mainly because of its strong association with heart failure and stroke. 4 -6 Rhythm control strategies for sinus rhythm maintenance are unfortunately not optimal in clinical practice. 7,8 Therefore, additional knowledge of AF prevention by identifying possible treatable risk factors has important clinical relevance. 9,10 The Framingham Heart Study, as well as other populationbased cohort studies, has shown that arterial hypertension is a strong independent risk factor for AF. 8,[11][12][13][14] Furthermore, a recent study by Conen et al showed that even systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) within the nonhypertensive range was independently associated with AF in a large cohort of middle-aged women. 15 Another recent study from the prospective follow-up in the Framingham cohort demonstrated that pulse pressure, reflecting arterial stiffness, was the most important predictor of AF. 16 In our study cohort, we have previously established baseline systolic BP as a strong predictor of cardiovascular death, but potential association with AF has never been assessed. 17 In the present study, we aimed to test the long-term impact of systolic BP, in particular upper normal systolic BP, on the risk of developing AF in healthy middle-aged men. Second, we aimed to assess the associations between incident AF and diastolic BP and pulse pressure. From 1972From to 1975From , 2014 apparently healthy men aged 40 to 59 years from 5 governmental institutions in Oslo were included in a prospective cardiovascular survey after careful screening of health information. The presence of any of the following diseases caused primary exclusion: known or suspected coronary heart disease; diagnosed hypertension requiring drug treatment; diabetes mellitus; thyroid disorders; cancer; advanced pulmonary, renal, or liver Continuing medical education (CME) credit is available for this article. Go to http://cme.ahajournals.org to take the quiz. Methods Study Population

Based on self‐reported physical activity, there is epidemiologic evidence for a beneficial relation between physical activity and colon cancer in men, but findings for other cancers are inconclusive. Measured cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) can provide knowledge about the cancer‐preventive value of physical activity. We aimed to assess relationships between CRF and risk of site‐specific cancers. A cohort of 1997 healthy Norwegian men, aged 40–59 years at inclusion in 1972–1975, was followed for cancer throughout 2012 using data from the Cancer Registry of Norway. CRF was measured by a maximal exercise bicycle test at inclusion. Relationships between CRF and site‐specific cancers were estimated using Cox regression, adjusted for age, body mass index, and smoking. During follow‐up, 898 cancer cases were diagnosed in 758 men. When comparing men in CRF tertile 1 with men in tertiles 2 and 3, respectively, we found decreased risk of proximal colon cancer in tertile 2 (HR: 0.30, 95% CI: 0.13–0.73) and decreased risk of cancers of lung (0.39 95% CI: 0.22–0.66), pancreas (0.32 95% CI: 0.10–1.00), and bladder (HR: 0.40 95% CI: 0.21–0.74) in tertile 3. Furthermore, a significant trend for lower risk by increasing CRF tertile was found for cancers of proximal colon, lung, and bladder (P‐value for trend <0.05). For other cancer sites, no significant association was found. Our results indicate that high midlife CRF may have cancer‐preventive value.

Amlodipine therapy starting two weeks before PTCA did not reduce luminal loss, but the incidence of repeat PTCA and the composite major adverse clinical events were significantly reduced during the four-month follow-up period after PTCA with amlodipine as compared with placebo.

BackgroundFew studies have taken risk of competing events into account when examining the relationship between cholesterol and prostate cancer incidence, and few studies have a follow-up over several decades. We aimed to use these approaches to examine the relationship between cholesterol and prostate cancer.MethodsA cohort of 1997 healthy Norwegian men aged 40–59 years in 1972–75 was followed throughout 2012. Cancer data were extracted from the Cancer Registry of Norway. The association between cholesterol and prostate cancer incidence was assessed using competing risk regression analysis, with adjustment for potential confounders. Date and cause of death was obtained from the Cause of Death Registry of Norway.ResultsThe study cohort had a cancer risk similar to the general Norwegian population. Prostate cancer was registered in 213 men (11 %), including 62 (3 %) with advanced stage at diagnosis. For overall and advanced stage prostate cancer, the incidence was twice as high in the lowest quartile of cholesterol compared to the highest quartile. These associations remained significant after adjustment for age, smoking, physical fitness, BMI, and systolic blood pressure. Furthermore, high physical fitness and low BMI were associated with increased prostate cancer incidence. Sensitivity analyses excluding events during the first 20 years of observation revealed similar results.ConclusionLow cholesterol, as well as high physical fitness and low BMI, may be associated with increased risk of prostate cancer. These findings conflict with current prostate cancer prevention recommendations.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2691-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.