No abstract

Davyhulme sewage-treatment works, which serves the Manchester drainage area, is one of the lar est in the UK. The dry-weather flow is 300000 m /d, and the plant receives a wide range of industrial effluents. The works has been identified as a major source of pollution in the Mersey estuary, with an average discharge of 6500 kg ammonidday. As part of its initiative to improve the Mersey estuary, North West Water intends to reduce the daily ammonia load from Davyhulme to about 1000 kg/d by 1995. In order to assess the capabilities of both conventional and novel processes to achieve this degree of ammonia removal, a number of on-site pilot plants were established. This paper reports on the pilot-plant studies and the selection of process options. Recommendations with regard to design parameters and final process selection are given.

Traditionally, the design of settlement tanks has been based on practical experience linked to key criteria, which have evolved from many sources. In this paper, the design criteria which affect the performance of both primary and secondary tanks are examined and a procedure, linked to critical velocities and loading rates, is put forward to enable the design requirements to be rationalized. Based on the authors’ considerable practical experience, the proposed procedure can be used with confidence to design tanks which will achieve required performance, particularly in the case of secondary tanks (for separation of both activated and humus sludges). In particular, the importance of a correctly sized inlet stilling chamber, to reduce the feed velocity to around 0.003–0.005 m/s is explained. The use of chemicals to aid removal of suspended solids (and hence BOD) has been practised for many years. Today, there is renewed interest, particularly for phosphate removal and for the treatment of some industrial wastewaters. The composition and nature of sewage affects the potential benefits of coagulant chemicals when added at the treatment works’ inlet. The introduction of organic polymers has significantly improved performance and reduced costs. The major disadvantage of using chemicals relates to the significant increase in quantity of sludge that is produced, which will require both treatment and disposal, increasing operational costs.

Fluidized-bed bioreactors were developed and operated at three scales (diameters of 0-1, 0.2, and 0.5 m) by the Chemical Technology Division. The performance of these reactors in denitrification was simulated using the following modified form of Monod kinetics to describe the reaction kinetics: NO" rate = WlTTT«0T)(%bl ' omass) In the fluids-movement portion of the simubtion the tanks-in-series approximation to backmixing was used. This approach yielded a V max of 3.5 g/m 3-min [% biomass) and a K s of 163 g/m 3 for the 0.5-m bioreactor. Values of V mx and K s were also determined for data derived from the 0.1-m bioreactor, but inadequate RTD data reduced the confidence level in these results. A complication in denitrification is the multi-step nature of the reduction from nitrate to nitrite to hyponitrite and finally to nitrogen. An experimental study of the effect of biomass loading upon denitrification was begun. It is recommended that the experimental work be continued. I F ; v Contents Page developed a biodenitrification process for wastewater, using pseudaaonas denitrificans. In this process bacteria are immobilized on coal particles, which are fluidized by the nitrate wastewater stream. The bacteria catalyze the denitrification of nitrates in the presence of a carbonaceous energy source to N^ and C0 2. The direct application of this technology is in the nuclear-fuel-processing cycle where nitrates are was*.e products of a num ber of steps. The technology may be applied to a wide variety of other waste streams and to the production of certain chenicils such as methane and ethanol. A simulation of the fluidized-bed bioreactor was required for the de sign of a larger-scale plant. Existing pilot-plant data and a review of the literature indicated that a modified Monod kinetics model of tht form: rate = V max (lTTW)(* biomass) was found to describe the denitrification reaction adequately. In the operating range of pilot-plant data (pH values between 7.0 and 8.6 and C/K > 1.7), pH and ethanol concentration had little effect on the reaction rate. An earlier residence-time-distribution study was used to describe the backmixing in the 0.5-m reactor. Two reactor models were used to simulate the contacting pattern in the bioreactor: the tanks-in-series model and the plug-flow-in-parallel model. The simulation models were derived from material balances incorporating the rate axpression and the biomass loading profile in the reactor. A non-linear regression model, based on Marquart's algorithm, was used to determine optimal values of v max (maximum rate of reaction) and K s (saturation constant) from both models. No significant difference between the plug-flow-in-parallel model and the tanks-in-series model was observed other than the large standard error in K s *n the case of the plug-flow model. The fitted parameters were in sensitive to the shape of the biomass loading profile within the bioreactor; hence a tanks-in-series model with a linear biomass loading profile was chosen to simulate the bioreactor. Values for ...