Some departments tend to undertreat when prescribing statins. However, to reach to the target LDL-C levels, physicians must overcome their tendency to undertreat with statins. We believe that the target achievement rate will increase if doctors are more actively aware of a patient's individual status and related risk factors before prescribing statins.

These results indicate that initiating twice-daily biphasic insulin analogue on regimens with a higher dose before breakfast than before dinner (i.e. ratio approximately 55:45 to 60:40) might be more appropriate in Korean subjects with Type 2 diabetes.

SUMMARYWhat is known and objective: Higher rate of statin-related hepatotoxicity has been reported for Koreans than for Westerners. Moreover, statin-related aminotransferase elevation for those who show borderline levels of aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) (≤33 of UNL) at baseline has not been fully investigated. Methods: Post-statin changes AST/ALT levels during the first year for 21 233 Korean outpatients at two large academic teaching hospitals from January 2009 to December 2013 were analysed using electronic health record data. The date of the first statin prescription was set as baseline. We also performed a comparative analysis of statin-related AST/ALT elevations according to the type of statin, followed by an analysis of clinical risk factors. Results and discussion: The progression rate to abnormal AST/ ALT values [>33 the upper normal limit (UNL)] was significantly higher (2Á4-16% vs. 0Á3-1Á7%, P < 0Á001) in subjects with borderline (>31, but ≤33 of UNL) compared with normal AST/ ALT values at baseline. Those with normal baseline AST/ALT did not show significantly different progression rate between different statin medications (P = 0Á801). However, patients taking pitavastatin (HR = 0Á76, P = 0Á657) were least likely to develop abnormal AST/ALT, whereas those taking fluvastatin (HR = 2Á96, P = 0Á029) were the most likely to develop abnormal AST/ALT compared with atorvastatin for patients who were with baseline borderline AST/ALT. However, given the small sample sizes and the observational nature of our study, these need further study. What is new and conclusion: It is advisable to regularly monitor AST/ALT levels even in patients with AST/ALT increases >31. Future studies should aim to determine the possible risk factors for each specific statin type by analysing various confounding variables. WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVEMany studies have demonstrated that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, also known as statins, can help prevent cardiovascular disorders by effectively reducing lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C).1-3 However, various adverse effects have also been reported with statin medications.4-7 One of the most frequent side effects is hepatotoxicity accompanied by increased levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Several studies have reported rates of asymptomatic elevation of aminotransferases under 3%, [8][9][10] although clinically apparent drug-induced liver injury is rare. 11The National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP-ATP III) guidelines 12 recommend examining AST/ ALT 12 weeks after beginning a statin prescription and, if AST/ ALT levels have increased to over three times the upper normal limit (UNL), to advise discontinuation of the statin. If AST/ALT levels have increased to higher than normal levels but less than three times the UNL, discontinuing the statin prescription is not necessary, but physicians are advised to reexamine AST/ALT at the next visit. In the 2013 ...

(Folia Morphol 2014; 73, 1: 73-78)