Direct oxidation of benzene to phenol over Py3PMo11V and hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant under microwave irradiation. Pyridine(Py)modified vanadium substituted heteropoly acid (Py3PMo11V) with Keggin structure was prepared and characterized by FT-IR. The influence of different reaction conditions, such as the reaction time, the amount of catalyst used, the amount of hydrogen peroxide used and the reaction temperature on the yield of phenol was studied to obtain the optimal reaction conditions for phenol formation. Coupled conventionally heated method gives phenol yield of 7.8 %, higher phenol yield of 24.7 % and selectivity of 100 % are obtained when irradiated with microwave energy.

The liquid-phase catalytic oxidation of benzene to directly produce phenol was studied under microwave irradiation using FeCl3/γ-Al2O3 as the catalysts prepared by the microwave-impregnated method. The catalysts were characterized by XRD and N2 adsorption techniques. The results indicated that the performance of the catalysts was significantly affected by the amount of Fe(III) loaded onto the γ-Al2O3 and microwave irradiation time. The influence of the reaction conditions, such as reaction temperature, the amount of catalyst, amount of hydrogen peroxide on the yield of phenol was investigated under microwave irradiation. Coupled conventionally heated method gives phenol yield of 9.8 %, the FeCl3/γ-Al2O3 prepared by the microwave-impregnated method gives higher phenol yield of 15.2 % and selectivity of 100 % when irradiated with microwave energy.

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This paper investigated the microwave assisted liquid phase hydroxylation of benzene to phenol with hydrogen peroxide over Fe/activated carbon-based catalysts prepared by impregnated method. Various types of second metal (e.g., Co and Cu) were loaded together with Fe on the activated carbon support and the catalytic performance of the obtained catalysts was compared. It was found that the presence of the second metal can improve the phenol production of the typical Fe/activated carbon catalyst. Various techniques (XRD and BET surface area) were employed to characterize the catalysts. Finally the effects of some operating variables (e.g., reaction time, catalyst amount, H2O2 amount, solvent amount) on the catalytic performance were investigated.