Viscous polymer flow in embossing stage during thermal nanoimprint lithography was investigated. Flow behavior of the thermoplastic polymer was analyzed numerically and experimentally. Fixed grid scheme along with the finite element method was used for numerical analysis. Effects of process parameters such as the temperature, the stamp speed, and the stamp geometry on the filling pattern for single cavity were studied. Also the patterns with several cavities were analyzed to understand the flow behavior between adjacent cavities. Experiments were performed using PMMA sheets to confirm the effects of parameters obtained from numerical analyses. Two different types of geometries were considered and the filled patterns were observed using a scanning electron microscopy. Numerical results exhibited a similar tendency as the experimental observation. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers

Introduction: This study’s purpose was to measure and compare isokinetic muscle function and anaerobic exercise capacity of knee joints according to the three Kukki Taekwondo competition types. Methods: A total of 21 elite Korean male poomsae (forms), gyorugi (sparring), and demonstration athletes majoring in Taekwondo were selected as the subjects of the study. Subjects’ physical fitness levels were measured using standardized strength, endurance, agility, balance, and flexibility tests. In particular, the isokinetic muscle function measurement system was used to measure the muscle function of subjects’ knee joints, and the Wingate test was used to measure their anaerobic exercise ability. Results: Gyorugi athletes showed better results than their poomsae and demonstration counterparts in nearly all metrics, including body composition, physical fitness factors, isokinetic muscle function (60°/sec), muscle power (180°/sec), and anaerobic exercise capacity. Gyorugi athletes were also taller and showed higher muscle mass, strength, muscular endurance, and agility. However, poomsae athletes showed a higher level of flexibility. The results found isokinetic muscle function and anaerobic exercise capacity of the knee joint to be most important for gyorugi athletes and then for demonstration and poomsae athletes, in that order. Conclusions: This study provides useful information needed to identify the physical fitness factors of the different Kukki Taekwondo athletes, and, in turn, it is may serve as important fundamental data for developing future systematic Taekwondo training programs.

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In this study, Nb-doped TiO 2 nanoparticles were prepared by solution synthesis, and utilized as photoelectrode for dye-sensitized solar cell aiming to obtain better photon-to-current conversion efficiency. Nb doping was carried out using two different Nb precursors, and subsequent hydrothermal treatment resulted in the size-controlled (*10 nm) Nb-doped TiO 2 nanoparticles with typical ellipsoidal shapes and anatase morphologies. It was observed that NbCl 2 precursor resulted in more uniform particle size, while Nb oxalate resulted in relatively broader particle size distributions and higher aspect ratio ellipsoid. Using these nanoparticles, 10 lm-thick porous inverse opal (IO) photoelectrodes were fabricated by coating the mixed aqueous dispersions of Nb-TiO 2 nanoparticles and polystyrene particles of 270 nm diameter on conductive glass followed by thermal sintering. DSSC single cell performance tests revealed that a photoelectrode from 2 mol% Nb-TiO 2 obtained from NbCl 2 exhibited 20 % enhancement for solar cell efficiency compared to bare TiO 2 IO.Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (

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