The neuronal basis of hyperkinetic movement disorders has long been unclear. We now test the hypothesis that changes in the firing pattern of neurons in the globus pallidus internus (GPi) are related to dyskinesias induced by low doses of apomorphine in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). During pallidotomy for advanced PD, the activity of single neurons was studied both before and after administration of apomorphine at doses just adequate to induce dyskinesias (21 neurons, 17 patients). After the apomorphine injection, these spike trains demonstrated an initial fall in firing from baseline. In nine neurons, the onset of on was simultaneous with that of dyskinesias. In these spike trains, the initial fall in firing rate preceded and was larger than the fall at the onset of on with dyskinesias. Among the three neurons in which the onset of on occurred before that of dyskinesias, the firing rate did not change at the time of onset of dyskinesias. After injection of apomorphine, dyskinesias during on with dyskinesias often fluctuated between transient periods with dyskinesias and those without. Average firing rates were not different between these two types of transient periods. Transient periods with dyskinesias were characterized by interspike interval (ISI) independence, stationary spike trains, and higher variability of ISIs. A small but significant group of neurons demonstrated recurring ISI patterns during transient periods of on with dyskinesias. These results suggest that mild dyskinesias resulting from low doses of apomorphine are related to both low GPi neuronal firing rates and altered firing patterns.

The wall pressure and wall shear stress of a submerged viscous jet impinging on an infinite planar wall are derived. The whole creeping flow of semi-infinite extent is generated via distributions on a cylindrical pipe of tangentially and normally directed Stokeslets which are modified to achieve no-slip at the wall in two stages. First the pressure and vorticity jumps associated with the Poiseuille flow upstream in the pipe are readily forced, and then further distributions, of zero density far upstream but with square-root density singularity at the orifice z = h, are added to achieve no-slip on the pipe wall. Thus the adjustment of the interior pipe flow from its upstream parabolic profile to its exit profile is fully included in -and a major feature of -this creeping flow analysis. The maximum plane wall pressure is always located on the axis r = 0, and decreases as h increases to alleviate the obstruction effect of the wall. The interaction of the inflow with the ambient fluid in the neighbourhood of z = 0 causes the wall stress to rise rapidly to a maximum and then decay with the radial position of this maximum increasing as h increases. This behaviour is discussed in the context of physiological experiments on auditory sensory hair cells that motivated this study.