3D oil migration modelling of the Statfjord area of the Northern North Sea has led to increased understanding of the migration routes and definition of oil migration fairways. The majority of discovered fields in the Statfjord area lie on fault block ridges. Migration modelling demonstrates that they were filled by oil generated from the Viking Graben, East Shetland and Marulk basins, migrating stratigraphically downwards from the Upper Jurassic Draupne Formation source rock into the Middle Jurassic Brent Group sandstones. Thereafter, lateral migration in a fill–spill manner occurred along the axes of the ridges. Locally, petroleum also migrated laterally through both Upper and Lower Jurassic sandstones. The migration modelling has been combined with geochemical source rock and oil correlation resulting in increased confidence. For the first time we have been able to quantitatively model and visualize the complex petroleum system of the area and gain an insight into its development through geological time.
The newly developed high-temperature high-pressure (HPHT) exploration oil-based reservoir drill-in fluid (RDF) was specifically designed with formation damage, pressure logging and geochemical analysis in mind. Requirements for a reservoir drill-in fluid that performs well under HPHT conditions, has good pressure log response and is geochemically distinguishable from reservoir fluids were the driving forces for the development of this system. The high-performance, low-damaging system combines several new products. Laboratory results have shown good rheology profiles, tight HPHT fluid loss control, high return permeability values and excellent long-term fluid stability. The system was developed to replace today's standard paraffin systems which occasionally struggle with irregular and too high viscosities with poor fluid stability over time. This occasionally leads to various drilling issues and barite sag problems during low shear or static conditions. Laboratory testing has documented the qualities of the new system, followed by a very successful field trial, where low impact on geochemical tests was obtained. This paper details the development of the fluid, the testing performed to qualify it for the field trial and the successful results from that field trial. Furthermore, the paper also details the high return permeability values and the mechanisms within the system that allow these goals to be achieved. The fluid has properties that make it an extremely strong candidate for reservoir drilling in general.
Résumé -Modélisation quantitative en mer du Nord : vers une meilleure estimation des risques -La modélisation quantitative est devenue une étape classique de l'analyse des risques, à la fois pour l'analyse des systèmes pétroliers et pour la prédiction de la qualité des réservoirs. Dans cet article, elle est associée à l'évaluation prospective en mer du Nord norvégienne et dans la zone de Haltenbanken. À ce jour, la mer du Nord norvégienne et certaines parties de la zone de Haltenbanken peuvent être considérées matures. En conséquence, les analyses quantitatives portent essentiellement sur des prospects marginaux hors des zones d'alimentation connues, des prospects satellites dans et autour de gisements connus, et des prospects profonds, souvent sous hautes pressions et hautes températures (HP/HT). La compréhension des chemins de migration éloignés des zones d'alimentation connues est une clé du succès. À proximité des gisements connus, le rapport gaz/huile (GOR) constitue un facteur de risque. Dans les réservoirs HP/HT, la qualité de ces derniers et la tenue des couvertures sont les facteurs les plus importants. L'application de modèles quantitatifs dans ces environnements permet de mettre en oeuvre une méthodologie cohérente d'évaluation, de tester les conséquences des incertitudes géologiques, et d'améliorer la confiance. Dans cet article, nous illustrons tout d'abord l'utilisation de la modélisation de la migration 3D afin de comprendre les chemins de migration proches des gisements connus et éloignés des zones sources connues. Puis, nous présentons notre expérience pour reproduire les GOR observés avec l'utilisation des modèles compositionnels 2D. Enfin, nous montrons comment nous modélisons l'évolution de la porosité dans des zones HP/HT et l'influence que la diagenèse du quartz, contrôlée par la température, a sur les fuites dans les couvertures et l'évolution des pressions. Ces exemples montrent comment des outils de modélisation quantitative et de nouvelles connaissances sur les processus fondamentaux sont utilisés et développés à ce jour en mer du Nord et dans la zone de Haltenbanken. Abstract
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