The results demonstrate that microwave technology is well suited for targeting sweat glands while allowing for protection of both the upper skin layers and the structures beneath the subcutaneous fat. Promising initial results from simulation and pre-clinical testing demonstrate the potential of the device as a noninvasive solution for sweat gland thermolysis.

Abstract-An iterative reconstruction algorithm for three-dimensional (3-D) microwave tomography by using time-domain microwave data is applied to detect breast tumor. A numeric breast model with randomly distributed glandular tissues (random size and permittivity) with a tumor is designed for the calculation of synthetic microwave data. An "air phantom" consisting of a section of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe filled with styrofoam and a thin glass cylinder is constructed for collecting microwave data in laboratory. The "breast" and "air phantom" are reconstructed. Reconstruction results show that the "tumor" in the

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This device should prove a welcome addition to a currently limited set of superficial heating applicators to provide controllable heating of superficial tissue disease.

II. METHODS T M NQ(p) = 1J; [;IVm(p;rn,t)-vm(rn,tWdt (I) A. FBTS ImagingIn the FBTS technique, errors between measured and simulated microwave scattering measurements are compared in the time-domain and minimized utilizing conjugate gradient optimization. For nonmagnetic inverse scattering problems, the error functional for an assumed set of electrical property parameters pis where V m (p; rn, t) describes the calculated time-domain electric field at receiving position n due to a pulse radiated by a transmitter m, and v m (rn , t) describes the corresponding measured field. Errors between simulation and measurement are summed for multiple transmitter/receiver combinations and are integrated over a time period from t = 0 to t = T. It can be shown that the gradient of this error functional with respect to p can be calculated utilizing a forward finite-difference timedomain (FDTD) computation followed by a corresponding adjoint FDTD computation in which residual received signals Abstract-Forward-backward time-stepping is a unique approach for solving electromagnetic inverse scattering problems in the time domain. In this paper, the technique is applied to a realistic, heterogeneous breast model. The ability to detect a 5-mm diameter malignancy and provide substantial quantitative information about the breast's composition is demonstrated.Index Terms-Cancer, electromagnetic scattering inverse problems, medical diagnosis, microwave imaging.