The present study is aimed to provide the first insight into the genetic constitution of Yugoslav shepherd dog based upon analysis of blood proteins and enzyme polymorphism. A total of 60 Yugoslav shepherd dogs were included in the study and polymorphism of hemoglobin (Hb), acid phosphatase (Acp) superoxide dismutase (Sod), albumin (Al), and transferrine (If) was electrophoretically analysed. Hb system did not show polymorphism. FS and SS phenotypes of Acp were established with Acps allelic gene displaying significantly higher frequency (0.82) than AcpF (0.18). The analysis of Sod polymorphism showed SodAA and SodAB phenotypes controlled by SodA (0.74) and SodB (0.26) with clear predominance of SodA allele. Both Al allelic genes At (0.30) and Als(0.70), and all three possible phenotypes (F, FS, and S) were detected. Seven Tf phenotypes controlled by five allelic genes 77* Tf8, Tf, 77°, and Tf-were revealed which makes the Yugoslav shepherd dog the only dog breed displaying all five Tf genes. The associated gene frequencies were (0.13, 0.35, 0.06, 0.41 i 0.05), respectively. According to the calculated values of homogeneity index, Al and Tf were identified as highly polymorphic protein markers which is a result of importance for future genetic characterization of the Yugoslav shepherd dog. Significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were detected at Sod and Tf loci these being primarily attributed to genetic drift, although crossbreeding should not be disregarded as a factor of possible importance as well

The neolithic settlement Belovode, situated between the two important centres of prehistoric culture: Vinča and Rudna Glava has been only partly investigated. In this study, the Belovode zoological collection was examined with the aim of providing data concerning the character of domesticated and transitional animals and wild ancestral forms inhabiting the Central Balkans during neolithic times. A total of 3487 animal bone fragments have been excavated at the site, so far. It was established that the bone remnants chronologically belong to the period of about 5500 - 4800 years B.C. by radiocarbon dating. Morphological comparison showed that almost 42% of the bone remnants were of bovine origin. In order to define the character of the domesticated or wild ancestors of cattle in East Serbia at that time, the bovine collection was further examined in detail. The total of 18 horns/horn bases allowed morphological comparison and morphometric analysis. The data obtained showed that two different ancestors of domesticated cattle were exploited in Belovode: Bos primigenius and Bos brachyceros. Among the archaeological findings were zoomorphic figurines including ox sculptures the shape and details of wich also indicated cattle farming activity in neolithic Belovode