This volume grew out of a symposium titled: "The origin of Mima mounds and similar micro-relief features: Multidisciplinary perspectives," and an associated similarly themed fi eld trip, both held at the Geological Society of America Annual Meetings, Houston, Texas, 4-9 October 2008. Five of the eight papers in that symposium were expanded for inclusion in this volume; with one nonsymposium paper added later (Johnson and Johnson, Chapter 6). The volume was invited and encouraged by the editors of GSA Special Papers to be one of their series. In regard to soil mounds, the symposium was timely for several reasons. The fi rst was, among the innumerable theories on how mounds form, evidence has gradually accumulated which confi rms that burrowing animals are involved. Involvements would seem to include (1) animals initiating the mounds themselves, where they begin as "activity centers" for basic living purposes (denning, reproduction, food storage, safety, etc.), which are actively bioturbated; (2) where landscape microhighs created by some physical or biological process, or both (e.g., coppicing), become occupied by animals for "activity centers," then augmented through bioturbation to create "hybrid mounds"; or (3) occupy soil-fi lled joints and fi ssures in otherwise thin soil or eroded bedrock areas. 1 In any of these three conditions we are concerned with the question: Would activity centers evolve into mounds, and perhaps persist wherever the centers confer living-survival-reproductive advantages to the animals that inhabit them? Since we examine mounds after they form, how can we tell, beyond theorizing, what the initial conditions were that led to mound formation? A purpose of the symposium, and this volume, was to revisit and examine these and other soil mound issues and questions, especially the role of life in landscape evolution. A second reason is the recent availabilities of useful analytical tools, such as LIDAR (light detection and ranging) and Google Earth technologies, allow new and different light to be shed on soil mound matters. In fact, they are revolutionizing studies of mounded landscapes. Third, bioturbation-and biomantle-related ideas and formulations on pedogenesis have appeared that are spawning different genetic understandings on how soils form and landscapes evolve

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ABSTRACT. Common eider (Somateria mollissima) populations in Greenland severely declined throughout the 20th century. As a result, in 2001, harvest regulations were changed and the length of the hunting season was reduced. Recent data suggest that these changes have been successful, and population regrowth is occurring. In the Avanersuaq District, northwest Greenland, only one systematic survey quantifying the number of nesting eiders had previously been conducted, in 1997 and 1998. Although this district had historically been identified as having the largest number of breeding eiders in Greenland, the 1997 -98 survey results showed a relatively small estimated population of 5000 pairs. However, it is not known to what extent changes in hunting regulations have affected nesting abundance in this area. Therefore, the Avanersuaq District was systematically resurveyed during the 2009 breeding season, approximately 11 years after the previous survey. These results showed that the population had increased to 5.4 times its 1997 -98 size, with an annual compounded growth rate of 15.3%. On a single island, nearly 4500 active nests were observed. Five islands had more than 2600 nests each and comprised 75% of the total nests counted. Along with historical information to account for additional nesting habitat not surveyed, the observed population growth rate from this study suggests that the overall Avanersuaq common eider breeding population size ranges from 25 000 to 30 000 pairs, or roughly half of the total estimated West Greenland breeding population. Despite the significance of the Avanersuaq District as a breeding area for common eiders, we have only limited information about this population. The effects of recent extensions of the hunting season on this population are also unknown, and the only wintering location information is based on a few individuals banded in the 1920s and 1940s. Additional research on migratory movements is suggested before any further changes are made to hunting regulations.Key words: common eider, Somateria mollissima, population growth, Greenland, Avanersuaq District RÉSUMÉ. Au cours du XX e siècle, les populations d'eiders à duvet (Somateria mollissima) ont connu un déclin considérable au Groenland. C'est pourquoi en 2001, le règlement relatif à la chasse a été modifié et la saison de chasse a été raccourcie. Selon des données récentes, ces changements ont porté fruits en ce sens que la population s'est accrue. Dans le district d'Avanersuaq, dans le nord-ouest du Groenland, seulement un relevé systématique ayant pour but de quantifier le nombre d'eiders nicheurs a été fait, et c'était en 1997-1998. Bien qu'au fil des ans, ce district a compté le plus grand nombre d'eiders reproducteurs du Groenland, le relevé de 1997-1998 avait établi que la population était relativement petite, avec une estimation de 5 000 paires. On ne sait toutefois pas dans quelle mesure la modification du règlement sur la chasse a eu des effets sur l'abondance d'eiders nichant dans la région. Par conséquent, le dist...

Although the Atlantic puffin Fratercula arctica is well studied throughout its temperate and low Arctic breeding range, few have studied the species in its far northern distribution. This study is the first to present data on the migratory movements of the “large-billed” subspecies, F. a. naumanni, that breeds in the high Arctic and which has significantly larger body size than those farther south. During 2013–2015, migration tracks were collected from nine adult puffins (6 males and 3 females) tagged with geolocators in northwest Greenland. Overall, female puffins traveled farther than males on their annual migration, with one female puffin traveling over 13,600 km, which was nearly a third farther than any tagged male in our study. Differential migration was observed in migratory phenology and route, with males using a form of chain migration with acute synchrony between individuals while females appeared to largely use leap-frog migration and showed little synchrony between individuals. Extreme sexual segregation in wintering areas was evidenced by two females that migrated to the southern limit of the species’ range while the six males remained at the northern limit, and wintered along the sea ice edge during portions of the non-breeding season. Male puffins thus wintered in regions with sea surface temperatures up to 10° C cooler than female puffins, and in areas with generally colder sea surface temperatures when compared to previously known wintering areas of temperate and low Arctic puffin breeding populations. The degree to which body size enables male F. a. naumanni to remain in colder waters likely reflects differing life history constraints between sexes and populations (i.e., subspecies). Further study is warranted to investigate how recent changes in climate have further exacerbated the observed differences between sexes in high Arctic puffins and possibly other marine avian species.

An accelerating decrease in summer sea-ice extent in the Arctic Ocean and Canadian Arctic Archipelago (North-west Passage) is predicted to increase the movement of species between the North Pacific and North Atlantic oceans. Here we report observations of two Subarctic North Pacific puffin species in the North Atlantic near the coast of north-west Greenland. We observed a horned puffin (Fratercula corniculata) repeatedly during the summer months of 2002–06 and 2013–19 and a single tufted puffin (F. cirrhata) in 2019. While single tufted puffins have been observed a few times in the North Atlantic, this is the first record of a horned puffin in the North Atlantic, and the first record for both horned and tufted puffins in north-west Greenland. In 2019, both puffin species were observed simultaneously at an Atlantic puffin (F. arctica) colony.