Increased threat of mosquito-borne disease coupled with decreased tolerance of nuisance mosquitoes has opened a market for pest management professionals to offer mosquito control services for homeowners. A pest management professional applied bifenthrin (0.08%) and lambda-cyhalothrin (0.1%) at their maximum label concentrations as barrier treatments. We tested treatments residual efficacy in reducing adult mosquito populations and compared these chemicals against a water control at 24 residential properties (eight replications by three treatments). Mosquito populations were measured on each property by using five methods: CO2-baited Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps (without a light), human landing rates, CDC gravid traps, ovitraps, and sweep nets. Populations were monitored weekly for 2 wk before treatment and 8 wk posttreatment. Additionally, to confirm residual efficacy of each insecticide, a randomly treated leaf underwent a no-choice bioassay with laboratory-reared Aedes albopictus (Skuse). Trap collections were dominantly Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens L. Both insecticidal treatments significantly reduced Aedes spp. lambda-Cyhalothrin- and bifenthrin-treated sites had 89.5 and 85.1% fewer Ae. albopictus bites than the untreated control, respectively. Ae. albopictus bioassay results showed significant residual efficacy for both insecticides up to 6 wk posttreatment. There were no significant differences between properties treated with the two insecticides. In contrast, Culex spp. were not reduced by either insecticidal treatment. Our study indicated that barrier sprays applied to low-lying vegetation do not properly target adult daytime resting sites for Culex mosquitoes but that they can reduce Aedes mosquitoes. Perhaps by treating upper tree canopies Culex spp. abundance may be reduced.

Seasonal phenology of calico scale, Eulecanium cerasorum (Cockerell), was monitored for 3 yr on various deciduous tree species in central Kentucky. Infestations were found on 16 host species in six plant families. Calico scale is a univoltine parthenogenic species that overwinters as second instars on bark. Nymphs molted to adult females around mid-April and began producing eggs in late April. Mean fecundity ranged from 3,728 to 4,654 eggs per female, depending on host plant species. Date of first crawler hatch in 2001-2003 ranged from 21 to 26 May, corresponding to a mean accumulation of 818 +/- 2 Celsius degree-days (DDC), calculated from 1 January and a base of 4.4 degrees C. This value predicted crawler hatch within 2 d in Lexington, KY, in 2004. Crawler dispersal lasted 2 to 3 wk. Upon hatching, crawlers move to leaves where they feed during summer. Crawlers primarily settled on the abaxial side of leaves and their within-leaf distribution varied between different tree species. Settled crawlers molted in mid-July and second instars remained on leaves until late September through mid-October, when they returned to bark to overwinter. On hackberry, Celtis occidentalis L., they were concentrated toward the basal end of shoots, primarily because leaf flush continued beyond the end of the crawler dispersal period. Crawler distribution did not differ between upper and lower canopy zones. Fourteen species of parasitoids and a coccinellid beetle were reared from individual scales. Monitoring with sticky traps in tree canopies confirmed that targeting crawlers with insecticides during late May or June would not coincide with peak flight activity of the scale's primary parasitoids.

Increased threat of mosquito-borne disease coupled with decreased tolerance of nuisance mosquitoes has opened a market for pest management professionals to offer mosquito control services for homeowners. A pest management professional applied bifenthrin (0.08%) and lambda-cyhalothrin (0.1%) at their maximum label concentrations as barrier treatments. We tested treatments residual efficacy in reducing adult mosquito populations and compared these chemicals against a water control at 24 residential properties (eight replications by three treatments). Mosquito populations were measured on each property by using five methods: CO2-baited Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps (without a light), human landing rates, CDC gravid traps, ovitraps, and sweep nets. Populations were monitored weekly for 2 wk before treatment and 8 wk posttreatment. Additionally, to confirm residual efficacy of each insecticide, a randomly treated leaf underwent a no-choice bioassay with laboratory-reared Aedes albopictus (Skuse). Trap collections were dominantly Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens L. Both insecticidal treatments significantly reduced Aedes spp. lambda-Cyhalothrin- and bifenthrin-treated sites had 89.5 and 85.1% fewer Ae. albopictus bites than the untreated control, respectively. Ae. albopictus bioassay results showed significant residual efficacy for both insecticides up to 6 wk posttreatment. There were no significant differences between properties treated with the two insecticides. In contrast, Culex spp. were not reduced by either insecticidal treatment. Our study indicated that barrier sprays applied to low-lying vegetation do not properly target adult daytime resting sites for Culex mosquitoes but that they can reduce Aedes mosquitoes. Perhaps by treating upper tree canopies Culex spp. abundance may be reduced.

The comparative performances of several herbicides incorporated 2.5 cm deep and unincorporated in furrow-irrigated soil were studied in four field experiments. Among eight herbicides evaluated,a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) was the most effective herbicide and controlled redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.), Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeriS. Wats.), common purslane (Portulaca oleraceaL.), and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crusgalli(L.) Beauv.) when incorporated, without reduction of yield in carrots (Daucus carotaL., var.saliva, cv. Long Imperator). Trifluralin andO,O-diisopropyl phosphorodithioateSester withN-(2-mercaptoethyl)benzenesulfonamide (bensulide) gave consistently good results in all years although soil temperatures and evaporative losses of water were variable. Bioassays indicated and gas-liquid chromatographic (hereinafter referred to as GLC) assays confirmed that rainfall moved bensulide and trifluralin 2.5 cm downward in soil, and that dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA) was not moved below the original depth of incorporation in soil. GLC assays were most sensitive but generally agreed with bioassays of trifluralin-treated soils. Under high temperatures, infrequent rainfall, and furrow irrigation, the half-life of DCPA and trifluralin activities was 3 weeks, with no biological activity after 7 months. The half-life of bensulide activity was 6 months, with no biological activity after 22 months.

Seedlings of 19 plant species were grown in soils containing 0 to 1,000 ppm ofO,O-diisopropyl phosphorodithioateS-ester withN-(2-mercaptoethyl)benzenesulfonamide (bensulide) or 0 to 100 ppm ofa,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) to determine phytotoxicity. Standard growth curves were constructed. The concentration of bensulide required to reduce the growth of shoots 50% (GR50) ranged from 1 ppm with barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crusgalli(L.) Beauv.) to more than 1,000 ppm with carrot (Daucus carotaL., var. Long Imperator). Several plant species were more sensitive to bensulide in a Hidalgo sandy loam (pH 8.1) than in other soils including a Delfina loamy fine sand (pH 6.0). The concentration of trifluralin required to reduce the growth of shoots 50% (GR50) was not markedly affected by soil texture and ranged from 0.1 ppm with German millet (Setaria italica(L.) Beauv.) to more than 100 ppm with Long Imperator carrot. The standard growth curves have been used to quantify herbicidal activities in field soils.