No abstract

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ResumenLa incidencia del fenómeno de la violencia filio-parental parece estar aumentando. En el estudio que a continuación se presenta se ha utilizado un diseño descriptivo y transversal. La recogida de datos se ha realizado con encuestas, tests psicológicos y cuestionarios, aplicados a padres, menores, educadores de servicios sociales y profesionales de Salud Mental Infanto-Juvenil de Zaragoza y Huesca, España. Los principales resultados encontrados son: los menores agresores son varones adolescentes; la madre es la persona más agredida; existen más casos de familias con niveles socioeconómicos bajos; la adopción puede ser un elemento característico de estas familias, pero no, la separación de los padres; estos adolescentes presentan problemas escolares y trastorno de hiperactividad con déficit de atención, asimismo consumen drogas; la violencia de género y el maltrato infantil están presentes. Además, se ha comprobado que se aplican diferentes medidas rehabilitadoras siendo el modelo de psicoterapia más utilizado el sistémico familiar y parece elevado el número de menores con tratamiento farmacológico. Los hallazgos obtenidos servirán de guía para orientar la intervención y ajustar los servicios a las necesidades de estos menores y de sus familias.

Aim A major problem in assessing the true public health impact of drug-use on driving and overall traffic safety is that the variables being measured across studies vary significantly. In studies reported in a growing global literature, basic parameters assessed, analytical techniques and drugs tested are simply not comparable due to lack of standardization in the field. These shortcomings severely limit the value of this research to add knowledge to the field. A set of standards to harmonize research findings is sorely needed. This project was initiated by several international organizations to develop guidelines for research on drugged driving. Methods A September 2006 meeting of international experts discussed the harmonization of protocols for future research on drugged driving. The principal objective of the meeting was to develop a consensus report setting guidelines, standards, core data variables and other controls that would form the basis for future international research. A modified Delphi method was utilized to develop draft guidelines. Subsequently, these draft guidelines were posted on the internet for global review, and comments received were integrated into the final document. Results The Guidelines Document is divided into three major sections, each focusing upon different aspects of drugged driving research (e.g. roadside surveys, prevalence studies, hospital studies, fatality and crash investigations, etc.) within the critical issue areas of ‘behavior’, ‘epidemiology’ and ‘toxicology’. The behavioral section contains 32 specific recommendations; (2) epidemiology 40 recommendations; and (3) toxicology 64 recommendations. Conclusions It is anticipated that these guidelines will improve significantly the overall quality of drugged driving research and facilitate future cross-study comparisons nationally and globally.

The authors present a global overview on the issue of drugs and driving covering four major areas: (1) Epidemiology and Prevalence--which reviews epidemiological research, summarizes available information, discusses the methodological shortcomings of extant studies, and makes recommendations for future research to better define prevalence and epidemiology; (2) Effects of Medicinal and Illegal Drugs on Driving Performance--focuses on the six classes of drugs most often found in impaired and injured drivers, draws conclusions regarding the risk of these drugs to traffic safety and discusses the need for additional research; (3) Toxicological Issues--discusses ways to identify drug users via behavioral testing and analytical techniques, reviews the approaches used by different countries, screening and confirmation techniques, alternative specimens (e.g., urine, oral fluid, sweat), and how rapid roadside testing could be coupled with behavioral and laboratory testing in an effective approach to identifying and prosecuting drugged drivers; (4) Driving Under the Influence of Drugs [DUID] Laws--provides an overview of DUID laws in the United States and Europe, discusses the basic tenets of these laws, the various types of DUID statutes, the reasons why many existing laws hinder the prosecution of drugged drivers and the rationale for developing per se legislation as a strategy to more effectively manage the drugged driver problem.