Abstract:In this paper, a biological surfactant composed of sophorolipid and rhamnolipid is used as an enhanced ultrafiltration treatment for simulated aniline wastewater and the impact of the surfactant concentration, feed liquid aniline concentration, surfactant compound ratio, solution pH value and operating pressure on the aniline rejection rate and permeation flux is analyzed. The research results showed that the biological surfactant compound was able to remove aniline. The removal effect of aniline was considerable when the aniline concentration was 150 mg/L, the surfactant concentration was 0.8 mmol/L and the surfactant compound ratio was 0.1. The pH value had a significant impact on the aniline rejection rate. However, the operating pressure had little impact on the aniline rejection rate, although it exerted a considerable influence on the permeation flux.

In this study, a type-2 fuzzy based interval-stochastic risk management programming (TISRM) method is proposed for optimal irrigation water resources allocation associated with multiple uncertainties expressed as interval numbers, probability distributions, and type-2 fuzzy sets. TISRM can also reflect authorities’ attitudes towards system risk using a financial risk management measure by controlling the variability of the recourse cost. The developed method is applied to irrigation water resources allocation for the Zhangweinan River Basin in China. Solutions of irrigation water allocation under different probability distributions and confidence levels are generated. Results reveal that system benefit and satisfaction degree would decrease with the raised λ levels; the CVaR values would change with the increment of λ and β levels as well as the varied cases; the irrigation targets of all crops in all subareas are reach their lower bounds; the irrigation deficits would be different with risk levels and cases. The results can help the local authority to adjust the current food security policy.

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Energy and water are inextricably linked to each other. In this study, an input-output model (IOM) is advanced to analyze the consumption relationship between various energy-related water and water-related energy. IOM can not only confirm the mixture energy consumption and mixture water consumption, but also reflect the mixture energy and mixture water flow between sectors. Our major findings are: (i) Man (manufacture) is the main sector in terms of direct energy and water consumption; (ii) Agr (Agriculture) is the dominant direct water dedicator and Psp (Production and supply of electric, heating and gas) is the highest energy-related water consumption sector; (iii) energy consumption in water extraction processes is greatest (reaching up to 88.97%); (iv) water consumption of hydroelectric, thermal, nuclear and other forms of power generation is the heaviest consumption (reaching up to 96.52%); (v) Man (manufacture) is the main energy outflow and inflow sector (outflow: 2.01×1011 kwh, inflow: 2.56×1011 kwh); (vi) Agr is the largest provider of mixture water (outflow: 7.55×109 m3), Man (manufacture) is the largest receiver of mixture water sector (inflow: 9.88×109 m3).

Reasonable energy planning plays a vital role in urban development and even the development of the whole national economy. Energy planning is an important way to solve the problems of resources and environment, promote energy conservation and emission reduction, and ensure the sustainable development of cities. Taking Xiamen City as an example, this paper uses the method of interval linear programming, aiming at minimizing the total cost of the system, and taking energy availability, water resources availability, energy demand and pollutant discharge as constraints, establishes an optimization scheme that conforms to the characteristics of Xiamen’s energy system. The research results show that the clean energy utilization technology should be improved to further increase the development and utilization of local renewable energy, and diversify the power supply methods to achieve safe, economic, clean and good urban development.