Laboratory culture studies were undertaken on aspects of the reproduction of the large, introduced, brown alga Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt. Particular attention was given to the individual effects of temperature, irradiance and salinity on receptacle growth, and the combined effects of daylength and temperature on receptacle initiation and growth, as well as the periodicity of gamete release.Receptacle growth occurred over a temperature range of 10 -30 °C (optimum, 25), an irradiance range of 9 to 175 μΕπι~28~1 (optimum, 175) and a salinity range of 8.5 to 34% 0 (optimum, 23.8%o). A similar broad tolerance to temperature and irradiance was demonstrated for gamete release and zygote development, but the latter process was less tolerant to reduced salinity and was not possible below between 13.6 and 18.7%o. Maximum receptacle growth occurred at 25 °C under long day (16 h light: 8 h dark) conditions but temperature alone appeared to influence the frequency of gamete release, this being greater at higher than at lower temperatures in the 15 to 25 °C range. Receptacle initiation was enhanced over the 10 to 25 °C temperature range under long day conditions but only occurred at 20 °C under short day conditions (8 h light: Ϊ6 h dark). The results are discussed in relation to previous studies and aspects of the present and probable future ecology and geographical distribution of S. muticum in the North Atlantic.

The growth rates of germlings of the large, introduced, brown alga Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt, collected from Bembridge, Isle of Wight, south coast of England, are described under different conditions of temperature, irradiance and salinity. The germlings showed a broad tolerance to all three environmental parameters, with growth recorded from 10 to 30 °C, 9 to 175 μΕ m" 2 s" 1 (500 to 10000 lux) and 6.8 to 34%o salinity; optimum growth occurred at 25 °C, 44 μΕ m"" 2 s' 1 (2500 lux) and 34%o salinity. These results are discussed in relation to aspects of the present and future ecology and geographical distribution of this invasive alga.Fundamental to the success and spread of Sargassum muticum in the North Atlantic and beyond is its ability to tolerate and respond to environmental parameters. In this respect probably the most vulnerable growth stage in the life history are the young germlings. To date germling growth rates in relation to controlled physical factors have only been investigated in the Sargassum species S. echinocarpum J. Agardh, S. obtusifolium J. Agardh, S. oligocystum Montagne, S. polyphyttum J. Agardh (De Wreede 1976, 1978 and Pacific populations of S. muticum (Norton 1977). In the present paper results are presented of an investigation into the effect of temperature, irradiance and salinity on European S. muticum germlings. Materials and MethodsDetails of the three germling growth studies are listed in Table I. Healthy fertile plants were taken from the mouth of Langstone Harbour, Hampshire and cultured at 20 °C under continuous light until multicellular germlings were released. These germlings were stored in a 10 °C growth room at 50 μΕ m" 28 " 1 with Botanica Marina / Vol. 32 / 1989 / Fasc. 2

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Pancreatic cancer is the 12 th most common cancer worldwide and the seventh leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. However, it is the seventh most common cancer in Europe. The estimated number of cases of pancreatic cancer worldwide in 2018 was 458,918 with a male to female ratio of 1:1.13. Among those 458,918 patients, 132,559 cases were found in Europe. Rates of pancreatic cancer are 3-4 times higher in the developed world. With incidence and mortality rates being very close, pancreatic cancer is considered one of the deadliest of all cancers. Lifestyle in developed nations, including the rise in physical inactivity and obesity, tobacco smoking, consumption of alcohol, dietary factors, and occupational exposures, may be responsible for the increased incidence of pancreatic cancer. Updated statistics on the epidemiology of pancreatic cancer along with a better understanding of the risk factors are essential for the primary prevention of this disease. Streszczenie Rak trzustki jest dwunastym najczęściej występującym nowotworem i siódmą główną przyczyną zgonów związanych z rakiem na świecie. Jest to także siódmy najczęściej występujący nowotwór w Europie. Liczba przypadków raka trzustki na świecie w 2018 roku wynosiła 458 918, przy stosunku mężczyzn do kobiet 1 : 1,13. W Europie stwierdzono 132 559 przypadków. Występowanie raka trzustki jest 3-4 razy częstsze w krajach rozwiniętych. Ponieważ częstość występowania i śmiertelność są bardzo zbliżone, rak trzustki jest uważany za jeden z najbardziej śmiertelnych nowotworów. Styl życia w krajach rozwiniętych, w tym brak aktywności fizycznej i otyłość, palenie tytoniu, spożywanie alkoholu, czynniki dietetyczne i narażenie zawodowe, może odpowiadać za zwiększoną częstość występowania raka trzustki. Zaktualizowanie statystyki dotyczącej raka trzustki oraz lepsze zrozumienie czynników ryzyka są niezbędne do zapobiegania tej chorobie.