Observations on the biology of the egg, larval, pupal and adult stages of the bushfly are presented. Many major physiological and behavioural responses and the survival of individuals seem to depend on the temperature and moisture conditions of the environment, and on the quality of animal dung available as food for the larvae. The seasonal distribution of bushfly in Australia seems to be determined directly by this dependence. Temporarily unfavourable areas are apparently repopulated by long distance displacement of adults. No diapausing or other stage resistant to adverse conditions, is known.

In laboratory experiments in Australia under standard conditions, densities of the dung beetle Euoniticellus intermedius (Reiche) exceeding 150/1-litre pad of cattle dung were shown to suppress breeding of Musca vetustissima Wlk. The experiments also suggested that it was the effect of dung disturbance on the survival of eggs of the fly that led to suppression. Natural vaiation in the quality of cattle dung obscured but did not alter the effects of high beetle densities. The mobility of M. vetustissima in particular, obscured the relationship of its abundance to dung beetle numbers in the field in 1974–75 and 1975–77 an intial high level of flies was apparently reduced and suppressed by a seasonally late but otherwise similar level of beetle attack on dung pads.

The distribution and seasonal activity of Onthophagus granulatus Boh. was studied at two sites in eastern Australia. It is a univoltine species, with peaks of activity in spring and early summer. Breeding cycles and periods of stress were demonstrated by the proportions of newly emerged, nulliparous and parous beetles and those resorbing oocytes. The optimum temperature for brood production was 25°C. The threshold of development was 11·3°C, and 495 day-degrees C were required for development from egg to adult. Dung quality and drought were important factors affecting survival and brood production in the field. The distribution of the species in south-eastern Australia is limited by summer rainfall and temperature.

A reproductive age‐grading system is presented for female Musca vetustissima based on length and yolk content of developing follicles. Ovarian development rate models are also presented for estimating reproductive and chronological ages of females under laboratory and field conditions. Maturation rates are determined primarily by temperature, but are also influenced by protein‐availability and fly size (adult headwidth). Females of average size (2 mm headwidth) require 70 and 38 day degrees above 8 °C respectively to mature their first and subsequent egg complements. Under suboptimal protein‐feeding regimes in the laboratory, females experienced variable periods of arrested development prior to vitellogenesis. These females also resorbed part of their egg complements, but their ovarian development rates were unaffected by oocyte resorption. Under field conditions, females develop their ovaries at near expected rates, requiring only 5 and 2 day degrees more than expected, respectively, to complete their first and each subsequent ovarian cycle. Résumé Influences de la température, de la taille de l'adulte et de l'alimentation en protéines sur les taux de développement ovarien de Musca vetustissima Une échelle de classement est élaborée d'après l'âge des femelles de Musca vetustissima, en se basant sur la longueur et la teneur en vitellus des follicules en croissance. Des modèles de développement ovarien sont proposés pour évaluer les âges chronologique et reproductif, dans les conditions de laboratoire et de la nature. La vitesse de maturation est déterminée avant tout par la température, mais elle est aussi influencée par la disponibilité en protéines et la taille de l'adulte (largeur de la tête). Des femelles de taille moyenne (2 mm de largeur de tête) ont besoin de 70 et 38 degrés/jours au‐dessus de 8°C pour conduire successivement à maturité leur premier et leur second lots d'oeufs. Au laboratoire, avec une alimentation protéique inférieure à l'optimum, le développement des femelles est interrompu pendant des durées variables avant le début de la vitellogenèse. Ces femelles résorbent aussi une fraction de leur lot d'oeufs, mais les vitesses de développement ovarien n'ont pas été modifiées par cette résorption. Dans la nature, le développement ovarien s'effectue à peu près à la vitesse prévue, demandant seulement 5 jours de plus que les prévisions pour accomplir leur premier cycle ovarien, et ensuite 2 jours de plus que prévu pour accomplir chaque cycle supplémentaire.

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