An experimental study was carried out for measuring vibrations, noise and combustion characteristics associated correlations using a four-cylinder spark ignition engine. This study aims to investigate the effects of vibrations and noise on spark-polishing machines that are triggered by pure gasoline. This test runs at 15% engine load and 20% with engine speed 1000-2200 rpm at intervals of 300 rpm. The measurement of engine vibration in pistonic uses PCB Piezotronics ICP® Accelerometer (352C22). Overall tests that have been carried out for 20% loads at 1900 and 2200 maximum vibrations, the velocity is 0.214 and 0.234, compared to 0.617 and 0.562 for 15% loads. From the results of engine vibration analysis, it can be reported that increasing engine speed and the load is given engine vibration can significantly decrease. Generally, noise increases for all samples tested; however, reduced noise is recorded when speed and engine load increase. This observation is also consistent with other observations related to vibration and combustion noise, heat release rates, and ignition delays.

The utilisation of biodiesel nowadays has become familiar with rapid production types of biodiesel in order to replace the dependency on the fossil fuel parallel to the implementation of green technology that emphasises the products to be more environmental-friendly. Nevertheless, the emerges of various kinds of biodiesel cannot be simply used, despite using the biodiesel does not need any major modification on the engine; it still needs a few analyses that must be done to determine whether it will give advantages or disadvantages. Therefore, this research was carried out to investigate the effect of using palm oil methyl ester (POME) biodiesel on the engine in terms of noise emission. The sound intensity mapping method was used to indicate the effectiveness of the biodiesel by identifying the noise radiation. Along with the mapping, the sound power level (SPL) is also being obtained to provide a clear comparison between the parameters. Generally, switching up the engine speed and load increased the sound power level. Based on the results obtained related to the SPL, the intensity mapping tends to show a higher colour-coded in the noise source image for the higher engine speed and load setup. It was found that the engine speed and load give a significant contribution to noise emission produced by the engine, and it can be inferred that this method can be utilised to accomplish the noise emission analysis.

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Along with the development of alternative fuel to replace the usage of petroleum-derivatives, the vibration in the diesel engine has become one of the main focus by researchers recently. The biodiesel has been investigated numerously since the application does not need any modification of the engine and with the different fuel properties, the biodiesel can enhance or deteriorates the engine. Hence, this study will be carried out to investigate the effect adding butanol in two different biodiesel blends by using vibration analysis. The vibration level will be determined in velocity term in RMS by using uniaxial accelerometer. The results indicated that the B10Bu10 blend shows a better reduction in vibration level with the decrement more than 30% for both speed in 25% load while in the 50% load, the decrement was observed to be 13.46% for 1800 RPM and 22.9% for the 2100 RPM. Finally, it can be conclude that the usage of biodiesel with the additional of butanol can improve the vibration level in the diesel engine, however, with an additional volume of biodiesel in the blend tends to increase the vibration level in certain condition.

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