No abstract

A reanalysis, which partitions the proportions of variance from the various main sources and their interactions, of previously reported data from the S-R Inventory of Anxiousness and from a new sample, suggests that the debate over the relative importance of individual differences and of situations is largely a pseudoissue. While it is true that the mean squares for situations are regularly much larger than the mean squares for individual differences, a partitioning of the variance shows, at least for the trait of anxiousness, that each of these main sources contributed only about 5% of the total variation (sum of the component variances), modes of response about 25%, and that nearly 4 of the variance comes from simple interactions (Subjects with Situations about 10%, Subjects with Modes of Response about 11%, and Situations with Modes of Response about 7%). These proportions are highly stable across samples of Ss. The fact that such a substantial portion of the total variance comes from interactions confirms the suggestion that personality description might be improved by emphasing what kinds of responses individuals make with what intensity in various kinds of situations.

No abstract

Vitamin and mineral deficiencies adversely affect a third of the world's people. Consequently, a series of global goals and a serious amount of donor and national resources have been directed at such micronutrient deficiencies. Drawing on the extensive experience of the authors in a variety of institutional settings, the article used a computer search of the published scientific literature of the topic, supplemented by reports and published and unpublished work from the various agencies. In examining the effect of sex on the economic and social costs of micronutrient deficiencies, the paper found that: (1) micronutrient deficiencies affect global health outcomes; (2) micronutrient deficiencies incur substantial economic costs; (3) health and nutrition outcomes are affected by sex; (4) micronutrient deficiencies are affected by sex, but this is often culturally specific; and finally, (5) the social and economic costs of micronutrient deficiencies, with particular reference to women and female adolescents and children, are likely to be considerable but are not well quantified. Given the potential impact on reducing infant and child mortality, reducing maternal mortality, and enhancing neuro-intellectual development and growth, the right of women and children to adequate food and nutrition should more explicitly reflect their special requirements in terms of micronutrients. The positive impact of alleviating micronutrient malnutrition on physical activity, education and productivity, and hence on national economies suggests that there is also an urgent need for increased effort to demonstrate the cost of these deficiencies, as well as the benefits of addressing them, especially compared with other health and nutrition interventions.