Ein aus mechanistisch‐strukturtheoretischen Untersuchungen abgeleitetes Reaktionsschema für die in wäßrigen Medien ablaufende Hydrolyse des Vanadations VO43−wurde an Hand der potentiometrischen Meßdaten (z, log c OH −, CV(V)) für das Polyvanadatsystem von Ingri und Brito getestet. Dabei ergab sich eine Reduzierung der Standardabweichung von σZ = 0,0091 für den von diesen Autoren vorgeschlagenen Satz von Spezies auf σZ = 0,0071 bei einem durch die zufälligen Meßfehler bedingten Niveau von σZ = 0,0064 und ein wesentlich besser ausgeglichenes ΔZ,Z‐Diagramm. Damit zeigt sich uns erstmals ein geschlossenes und widerspruchsfreies, detailreiches Bild vom Polyvanadatsystem: Die monomeren, tetraedrischen Vanadationen aggregieren bei Protonierung zunächst zu aus eckenverknüpften VO4‐Tetraedern bestehenden Ketten, wobei hinsichtlich des Aggregationsgrades eine lückenlose Folge der Spezies auftritt, bis die Ketten sich zum Ring, und zwar hauptsächlich zum Tetramerenring, schließen können. Die treibenden Kräfte zur Aggregation sind die Kondensation von H2O‐Molekülen (ein Entropie‐Effekt) und die Ausbildung von π‐Bindungen in den VOV‐Brücken (Bindungsverstärkung), die beide in ringförmigen Aggregaten ein Maximum erreichen. Der kleinstmögliche Ring, der Trimerenring, tritt wegen ungünstiger (zu kleiner) Winkel in den VOV‐Brücken nicht auf, der Pentamerenring ist aus statistischen Gründen (Zusammenfinden der Kettenenden, Massenwirkungsgesetz u. a.) benachteiligt. Alle Spezies treten nach Maßgabe ihrer im wesentlichen durch die Ladungszahl und die Zahl an terminalen O‐Atomen festgelegten Basizität in unprotonierter, einfach‐ und zweifachprotonierter Form (Ketten) oder auch nur in unprotonierter Form (Ringe) auf. Bei stärkerer Protonierung erscheinen dann, wie schon länger bekannt ist, das V10O286−‐Ion und seine protonierten Formen sowie das VO2+‐Ion, in denen die V‐Atome oktaedrische Sauerstoffkoordination besitzen.
Bond length-bond valence relationships have been investigated fundamentally with emphasis on the M-O bonds in polyoxo compounds (M = MoVI,wVl,VV,NbV, TaV). A large number of errors of different types has been made in the derivation of practically all of the published functions and/or of the relevant parameters. Considering all sources of errors, bond length-bond valence functions and the relevant parameters have been derived which represent more shallow curves than most of the functions in the literature. The relationships have been applied classically for identifying O atoms of an OH group or a coordinated H20 molecule, to elucidate hydrogen bridge systems, to determine the oxidation numbers of M atoms (and to distinguish between different elements via the oxidation numbers), and to verify the coordination numbers assigned to the M atoms, etc. The most important application of the relationship, however, is the calculation of accurate bond valences and in particular the determination of the distribution of the charge over the O atoms of the species. These data can be used to elucidate the relationships between structure, bonding, stability and basicity of the species. However, most functions and/or the relevant parameters stated in the literature produce errors which are most evident in the calculated formal ionic charges of the species and can involve several charge units. Even the best functions and parameters give unreliable results. A first important reason for this is the unsatisfactory identification of erroneous structural data with large random and/or systematic errors in the bond lengths and their rejection from the set of reference structures used for the derivation of the bond length-bond valence parameters B and do or N and do of the commonly used exponential or power functions. This makes the correct determination of B or N difficult. A second important reason is connected with the -at present -unfounded practice of using 'universal' B or N parameters which leads to errors for the proportion in the bond valencies of the inner (bridging) relative to those in the outer (terminal) M-O bonds of the species and for the charge separations. These quantities affect the stability of the species. A third significant reason, which is independent of and hence present even for correctly derived bond length-bond valence parameters, is a small (and inevitable) systematic error in the bond lengths of each structure determination which leads to larger errors for the formal ionic charge. This error can be completely compensated by individual fitting of the do bond length-bond valence parameter for each structural determination.
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