We conducted a bibliometric and content analysis of research on health inequalities produced in Latin American and Caribbean countries. In our bibliometric analysis (n = 576), we used indexed material published between 1971 and 2000. The content analysis (n = 269) covered the period 1971 to 1995 and included unpublished material. We found recent rapid growth in overall output. Brazil, Chile, and Mexico contributed mostly empirical research, while Ecuador and Argentina produced more conceptual studies. We found, in the literature reviewed, a relative neglect of gender, race, and ethnicity issues. We also found remarkable diversity in research designs, however, along with strong consideration of ecological and ethnographic methods absent in other research traditions.
O trabalho apresenta um panorama geral das desigualdades nos determinantes considerados na explicação das desigualdades na auto-avaliação do estado de saúde a partir dos dados da PNAD/1998. Mostra-se como existem gradientes na classificação do estado de saúde autopercebido de acordo com os níveis de educação, de renda per capita, de acordo com a raça ou cor de pele das pessoas, por grandes regiões do país e especialmente com o aumento da idade. Usando modelos de regressão logística, tenta-se explicar quais as determinações importantes dessa autoclassificação. Os resultados mais importantes indicam que educação e rendimento têm efeitos que se somam e que há diferenças entre homens e mulheres e de acordo com populações urbanas e rurais. As desigualdades na classificação do estado de saúde de acordo com a raça ou cor de pele das pessoas deixam de ser estatisticamente significativas depois de se controlar por nível de educação e de renda. Discute-se a utilidade desse tipo de informação sobre classificação autopercebida de saúde e a importância de melhorar, em futuros inquéritos, a qualidade dos dados por meio de sugestões sobre alterações nos procedimentos de entrevista.
This paper describes the results of a detailed study relating the performance of undergraduate students admitted to Brazil’s State University of Campinas (Unicamp) from 1994 through 1997 and their socioeconomic and educational background. The study is based on a hierarchical model for the relevant variables involved. The main result is that students coming from disadvantaged backgrounds, in both educational and socioeconomic aspects, have a higher relative performance than their complementary group. We report on an affirmative action programme established at Unicamp for undergraduate admissions, partially motivated by those findings, and present evidence from an initial evaluation showing the programme’s positive impact. Finally, we comment on the effect this study and the Unicamp programme have had on the present debate about affirmative action access policies in Brazilian higher education institutions. by Renato H.L. Pedrosa, J. Norberto W. Dachs, Rafael P. Maia and Cibele Y. Andrade, Benilton S. Carvalho
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