The internal porosity of ceramics shaped before fusion has been improved by three firing techniques: (1) firing in wcuo, (2) firing in diffusible gas, and (3) finish firing and cooling under pressure. A method of measuring pore volume and texture has contributed to understanding the operating mechanics of these processes. This has led to recognition of the firing-process requirements for different porcelains depending on their crystalline content, matured viscosity, service conditions, and performance specifications.
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