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RIP accuracy is within the accuracy range found in monitoring devices currently in clinical use. Most reliable results with RIP are obtained when measurements are preceded by calibration in pulmonary conditions that are comparable to the measurement period. When RIP calibration is not possible, fixed weighting of the RIP signals with species and subject size adequate factors is an alternative. Measurement errors should be taken into account with interpretation of small volume changes.

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BACKGROUND: Results of recent studies suggest that the incidence and mortality of ARDS may be higher than previously thought in pediatric trauma patients. We conducted a systematic review of the literature on incidence, risk factors, prognostic factors, and outcomes of ARDS after pediatric trauma in the ICU. METHODS: Medical literature databases were searched up to April 2020. Guidelines for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses were followed. Articles that reported quantitative data with regard to the incidence, risk factors, prognostic factors, mortality, or other outcomes for ARDS in subjects with pediatric trauma admitted to the ICU were included. Two authors independently screened and assessed eligibility of all identified studies, collected data, and assessed the methodological quality of selected studies. Data extraction was performed by using a standardized data extraction sheet. Quality assessment was performed by using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for cohort studies. A meta-analysis was not performed because the studies used overlapping cohorts or different ARDS criteria. RESULTS: Nine studies were included. The incidence was reported in 4 studies, risk factors in 1, mortality in 7, and other outcomes in 2. The largest cohort included 148,749 subjects from a national trauma database. The ARDS incidence was 1.8%-7.6% when using adult ARDS criteria, with 1.8% in the largest cohort, and 4.2% when using pediatric ARDS criteria. Mortality was 7.6%-22.9% when using adult ARDS criteria and 11.1%-34.0% when using the pediatric ARDS criteria. Identified risk factors included mechanism of injury, higher injury severity scores, abnormal breathing frequencies, and lower Glasgow coma scale scores at hospital presentation. ARDS was associated with a longer duration of mechanical ventilation, longer ICU and hospital length of stay, and a higher likelihood of requiring post-discharge care. CONCLUSIONS: The ARDS incidence of 4.2% in the subjects with pediatric trauma in the ICU was comparable with 3.2% in the general pediatric ICU population; however, mortality associated with trauma-associated ARDS was higher and more commonly due to multi-system organ failure rather than hypoxemia.