OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and social stress on body fat distribution in an animal model of women's health, the female cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis). DESIGNaSUBJECTS: Adult female cynomolgus monkeys were ovariectomized and fed an atherogenic diet for two years while housed in social groups of 3 ± 8 monkeys each. Animals were then fed a lipid-lowering diet and randomized into four experimental groups: a baseline group which was necropsied immediately and not included in the study reported here, 26 females fed diet only (CONTROL), 22 females fed diet plus conjugated equine estrogens (CEE), and 21 females fed the diet plus CEE and medroxyprogesterone acetate (CEE MPA). Treatment lasted 30 months. MEASUREMENTS: During the last nine months of treatment, social status was determined three times at three month intervals. At the end of the study, whole body obesity and fat distribution patterns were determined using anthropometry and computerized tomography (CT). RESULTS: The addition of a progestin to the estrogen replacement regimen administered to surgically postmenopausal monkeys, increased all anthropometric and CT measures of obesity except intra-abdominal fat. HRT had no effect on patterns of fat distribution. Socially-dominant, ovariectomized females were more obese than subordinates using both anthropometric and CT measurements of whole body obesity. Dominant females were more likely to have their fat deposited centrally as measured anthropometrically. However, CT measures revealed a trend for dominants to preferentially deposit fat in the subcutaneous abdominal depot in contrast to subordinates who deposited fat in the intra-abdominal depot. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that progestins, when administered in combination with estrogens, may increase fat deposition, particularly in subcutaneous depots. In addition, the social stress experienced by subordinate monkeys, may have mild effects on fat deposition patterns, even after removal of ovarian function as a factor. These observations may have implications for treatment recommendations in postmenopausal women. Lastly, CT may measure different characteristics of fat distribution than skinfolds and circumferences.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the concentration of lactic acid in breast milk following maximal exercise. Seven active postpartum women (2 to 24 months) were exercised to maximum on a treadmill (VO2 max = 37.0 +/- 13.7 ml.min-1.kg-1). Blood was sampled via finger prick at rest before exercise and 5 minutes postexercise; milk was collected via self expression at rest before exercise and at 10 and 30 minutes postexercise. Both blood and milk were analyzed for lactic acid via enzymatic methods. Following maximal exercise, a significant increase in the concentration of lactic acid was found in the blood at 5 minutes postexercise and breast milk at 10 minutes postexercise. Although elevated, the lactic acid concentration of the 30-minute sample of breast milk was not significantly different from the resting sample. Maximal exercise can result in significant increase in lactic acid concentration in breast milk. Further research is needed to demonstrate whether the taste of the milk is affected.

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