The modes of heat transfer through ceramic bodies and the principles governing static and dynamic methods for the measurement of thermal conductivity are enumerated. The effect of temperature, porosity, crystalline nature and firing characteristics on the thermal conductivity of ceramic materials is reviewed.

Concrete is an outstanding structural substantial, and is regarded as beneficial for the modern civilization as well as human society. Henceforth, the manipulation of crumb rubber in concrete has been considered technically probable and this concrete is being regarded light weight concrete. Crumb rubber is produced in large sum as a waste and does not have beneficial disposal, till currently. In the present study, we have intended to study the use of crumb rubber by measurement of 5%, 6%, 7%, and 8%, in the substitution of blend of cement concrete percentage, in structural as well as non-structural associates , and also display how it is appropriate for the concrete, its uses, barriers and benefits and the way to the upcoming study. And, to decide the characteristics of concrete encompassing crumb rubber. Out of certain outcomes, we inferred that there is a reduction in mechanical properties of the concrete. Besides grounded on the outcomes of certain tests, concrete containing crumb rubber particles as combinations is still not acclaimed for structural usages due to the low compressive strength. The measured parameters of samples are, water absorption, compressive strength, splitting strength, and flexural strength. This study gives experimentations on normal strength concrete, blended with dissimilar rates of crumb rubber powder. The outcomes showed the opportunity of gaining the top rate of powder incorporation with no harm to the compressive as well as tensile strength of concrete. Results shows that 5% crumb rubber of 0.42 w/c ratio is the best mix to achieve the reduced rate of water absorption and suitable compressive strength. This kind of concrete displays the capacity for becoming a supplementary and maintainable solution for tyre rubber waste management.

For the first time occurrence of Ti rich Al depleted ultramafic cumulates having komatiitic signature in the northwestern fringe of Chotanagpur Gneissic Complex is presented. These rocks exhibit intrusive relationship with metasedimentary rocks and metaultramafites. Geochemically they are characterized by Mg# 79.1-91.60, high TiO2 (1.29-1.54 wt%), significantly low Al2O3/TiO2 and (Gd/Yb)n >1. Major oxides, trace and REE content suggest low degree of fractional crystallization and lesser degree of partial melting. These Al depleted komatiites are characterized by high concentration of incompatible elements than most suites of Barberton type komatiites. High Ti content suggests less degree of majorite garnet melting, leaving behind garnet in the restite. The rock shows higher Ti/Sc (190), Ti/V (22), Zr/Y (3), Zr/Sc (4), V/Sc (8), Zr/Sm (28) and Zr/Hf (47) ratios than primitive mantle and REE distribution pattern shows gentle slope from LREE to HREE in most samples pointing towards mantle metasomatism and crustal contamination during emplacement. The observed chemical characteristics indicate derivation of komatiite from an enriched mantle source and represent plume activity in an extensional tectonic regime of intracratonic setting.

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Semra komatiites that occur at the NW fringe of the Chotanagpur Gneissic Complex represent high PGE content, associated with the pyrrhotite, pentlandite, chalcopyrite and pyrite. They display wide variation in the IPGE concentration and characterized by Pd/Pt values (> 1) similar to that of primitive mantle. The negative Ir anomaly is attributed to temperature dependant solubility limit, therefore, not a reflection of bulk mantle IPGE content. Wide variation in the Au content indicates its highly mobile nature. Metasomatism and serpentinisation possibly have played significant role in the Au enrichment.