Phosphorous in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed is stored primarily as phytic acid, which is nutritionally unavailable to nonruminant livestock. The objective of this study was to isolate mutations that reduce soybean seed phytic acid P and increase seed inorganic P. Following treatment with ethyl methanesulfonate, M2 through M6 plants were screened for high seed inorganic P. Seeds of M2 plants high in inorganic P produced progenies high in inorganic P through the M6 generation. M6 progenies of one plant averaged 6.84 g kg−1 seed phytic acid and inorganic P varied from 2.34 to 4.41 g kg−1 or 60 to 66% of phytic acid P plus inorganic P. M6 progenies of a second plant averaged 10.89 g kg−1 phytic acid and varied from 1.21 to 3.84 g kg−1 inorganic P, representing from 47 to 51% of the sum of phytic acid P plus inorganic P. In contrast, nonmutant seeds of the check cultivar Athow contained 15.33 g kg−1 phytic acid and averaged 0.74 g kg−1 inorganic P, representing 15% of the sum of phytic acid P plus inorganic P. Low phytic acid and high inorganic P in these progenies should increase the nutritional value of soy meal and reduce excess P in livestock manure.

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] meal is used primarily as a livestock feed. The high protein concentration and sulfur‐containing amino acids in the meal contribute to its nutritional value. Oligosaccharides, including raffinose and stachyose in the meal, have detrimental effects on the nutritive value of soy meal as a livestock feed. The objective of this research was to determine the interrelationships among seed protein, oil, oligosaccharides, and S in a breeding population that varied widely in seed protein concentration. Forty‐three random breeding lines that varied in seed protein concentration from 413 to 468 g kg−1 on a dry seed basis, were grown in replicated tests in three environments. Seed yield, protein, oil, oligosaccharides, and S concentrations were determined for entries in each replication in the three environments. Breeding lines and environments varied significantly for each of the traits measured. Concentrations of carbohydrates were not associated with seed yield. Protein increased at the expense of oil true(b=−1.560true), total carbohydrates true(b=−0.171true), and sucrose true(b=−0.151true) Sulfur increased with increasing protein true(b=0.008true), but S/N ratios were constant across protein concentrations. Decreases in carbohydrates with increases in protein would contribute to increased nutritional value of the meal from these breeding lines. The consistent S/N ratio across the range of seed protein concentrations indicates that S‐containing amino acids were not sacrificed with increases in seed protein.

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seeds contain high levels of protein and oil useful for human consumption. Increasing emphasis in breeding programs to produce soybeans with specific protein or oil content for specialty markets demands that more efficient manipulation of these traits be achieved. The objective of this study was to evaluate eight different soybean populations from the midwestern USA for genetic markers linked to seed protein and oil content. The populations were derived from the breeding programs at the Univ. of Minnesota, the Univ. of Nebraska, and Purdue Univ.‐USDA‐ARS. Each population consisted of between 69 and 100 individuals and was mapped with 21 to 85 restriction fragment length polymorphism markers. The F2‐derived populations were grown in field tests in 1992, 1993, and 1994 in the state in which they originated. Single factor analysis of variance was used to detect significant associations between markers and traits. Environmentally stable and environmentally sensitive quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified for both protein and oil contents in all eight populations. The identified QTL were sensitive to both environment and genetic background although some common QTL were identified in multiple populations across several years. The results show that a number of QTL affect these traits and that markers could potentially be used in breeding programs designed to alter the seed protein and oil content.

Distributed systems are difficult to implement correctly because they must handle both concurrency and failures: machines may crash at arbitrary points and networks may reorder, drop, or duplicate packets. Further, their behavior is often too complex to permit exhaustive testing. Bugs in these systems have led to the loss of critical data and unacceptable service outages.We present Verdi, a framework for implementing and formally verifying distributed systems in Coq. Verdi formalizes various network semantics with different faults, and the developer chooses the most appropriate fault model when verifying their implementation. Furthermore, Verdi eases the verification burden by enabling the developer to first verify their system under an idealized fault model, then transfer the resulting correctness guarantees to a more realistic fault model without any additional proof burden.To demonstrate Verdi's utility, we present the first mechanically checked proof of linearizability of the Raft state machine replication algorithm, as well as verified implementations of a primary-backup replication system and a key-value store. These verified systems provide similar performance to unverified equivalents.

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed phosphorus is stored primarily as phytic acid, a form in which it is unavailable to monogastric mammals and birds. Because of the nutritional and environmental problems caused by phytic acid, development of cultivars with low