This study has been undertaken with the twin objectives of examining the variability pattern of market arrivals and prices of selected crops (Onion, Garlic and Turmeric) in selected markets (Lucknow and Kanpur) of Uttar Pradesh and analysing the relationship between market arrivals and prices. The study is based on market arrivals and wholesale prices of selected crops collected from Rajya Krishi Utapadan Mandi Parishad, Lucknow (U.P.), Krishi Utapadan Mandi Samiti, Lucknow and Krishi Utapadan Mandi Samiti, Kanpur for the period 2001-2010. The study has shown that the extent of variability in market arrival of onion was lower in Lucknow market but higher in Kanpur market. Its prices variability was lower in Kanpur market and higher in Lucknow market. In case of garlic, the variability in market arrivals and prices was lower in Kanpur market but higher in Lucknow market. In case of turmeric, the variability in market arrivals and prices was lower in Lucknow market but higher in Kanpur market. The study has confirmed the negative relationship between market arrivals prices of onion, garlic and turmeric over the years in all two markets. However, across different months, there have been several instances of positive relationship between market arrivals and prices in Lucknow and Kanpur market.

Background and Aims: The COVID-19 pandemic has exerted a substantial influence on every sector of people's lives worldwide, including Nepal. The tourism industry is not exceptional. Lakeside Pokhara is one of the country's major tourist hubs and relies both on national and international visitors. The people residing in this area who depend on tourism-related businesses to regulate their daily living faced numerous stressors and psychological impacts due to the pandemic. This study aimed to explore the COVID-19 pandemic-related stressors and their psychological impact among people dependent on the tourism business in the Lakeside of Pokhara, located in the Gandaki Province of Nepal.Method: Via the qualitative approach, semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted to collect the data from 20 individuals related to tourism business stakeholders in Lakeside of Pokhara. Thematic analysis was performed to analyze the data. Results:The study found business-related stressors among the people dependent on the tourism businesses, and these stressors were found to increase the experiences of psychological issues, including suicidal ideation. The pandemic has not only affected their economy but has also had an impact on their personal, familial, and social life. However, to combat the problems most of the study participants were found to be utilizing positive coping mechanisms, whereas some respondents were observed to consume more alcohol as a negative coping strategy.Conclusions: People indulging in the tourism sectors were at greater risk of vulnerability in the future pandemic. Tourism business stakeholders struggled to combat the numerous stressors and psychological impacts carried out by the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown. Therefore, there is a growing need for government bodies to implement favorable business-related policies, and Mental Health and Psychosocial Support (MHPSS) related programs to these stakeholders.

The study was carried out in Sadar block of district Pratapgarh in Uttar Pradesh with 30 aonla growers (8 marginal, 6 small and 16 big respondents) selected randomly with six villages of the selected block. The over all plantation cost of one hectare aonla was worked out of Rs.47000 .The cost of of gestation period was calculated as Rs.78876.60 for six years of gestation period. On an average cost of aonla production per hectare came to Rs.27386.02. The highest cost intake of 6-12 years orchard was worked out as Rs.33272.08/ha, while lowest cost was observed in 24 years and above aged orchard as Rs.23836.00/ha. The input-output analysis shows that aonla crop fetched on an average 5.45 times more return on investment of Rs. 1. Problems of insect-pest and diseases, lack of plant protection measures and lack of skilled human resource at peak season was observed as main constraints in the study area.

In the present paper cropping pattern in haridwar district is outlined, followed by the discussion on the area under individual crops. Jasbir singh’s method is used for concentration of selected crops. There has been a significant variation in the area patterns of the crop concentration in the study region. The indices of crop concentration area calculated from district statistical handbook 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015, the crop concentration indices for all blocks of the district have been calculated for crops like paddy, wheat, oilseeds, maize, sugarcane, pulses. The spatial variations in the degree of crop concentration area are found to be the result of the different interaction such as physiographic, climatic, hydrological, socio-economic and technological factors in organizational of an area.