Chain-dependent and independent exponential, gamma, and mixed exponential distributions are compared as models for the distribution of daily precipitation. Parameters for each distribution are estimated by maximum likelihood techniques for 14-day periods. The Akaike information criterion is used to select the most appropriate distribution for each period and for the entire year. For the five U.S. stations studied, the independent mixed exponential distribution was the best on the basis of the Akaike information criterion, and the independent gamma and chain-dependent gamma ranked second and third, respectively. Fourier series are fit to the parameters by least squares to provide starting values for subsequent numerical maximum likelihood estimates of the Fourier coefficients. According to the Akaike information criterion, the Fourier series description of model parameters for the mixed exponential model is superior to the specification of parameters for each 14-day period. INTRODUCTION Woolhiser and Pegram [ 1979] used direct numerical maximum likelihood estimates of Fourier coefficients to describethe seasonal variation of parameters in a stochastic model of daily precipitation. They demonstrated the technique using a first-order Markov chain as the occurrence process and a mixed exponential distribution for the daily precipitation. They suggested that it may be possible to map the means, amplitudes, and phase angles for significant harmonics to provide a parsimonious regionalized model of the point precipitation process. In a previous paper [Rolddn and Woolhiser, this issue] we used the techniques described by Woolhiser and Pegram to compare the Markov chain with another alternating renewal process. In this paper we compare the mixed exponential distribution with two other independent distributions and four chain-dependent distributions for 14-day time periods and on an annual basis. The overall objective of this work is to find a parsimonious model of the distribution of daily precipitation that is adapted to a Fourier series representation of the time variations in the parameters.Several methods have been presented in the literature for modeling precipitation amounts on wet days. The most common approach is to assume that precipitation amounts on successive days are independent and to fit some theOretical distribution to the precipitation amounts Woolhiser, 1974, 1975;Woolhiser et al., 1973;Smith and Schreiber, 1974]. A second approach is to assume that precipitation amounts are independent but that the distribution func.tion depends on whether the previous day was wet or dry (i.e., a chain-dependent process [Katz, 1977a]). Buishand [1977] distinguished between three different typesThis paper is not subject to U.S.

Cellulite, highly prevalent among women, represents a serious problem for many of them, and one of their main aesthetic concerns. It is difficult to pinpoint its aetiology and physiology/pathophysiology, as there are many factors that are involved in it, affect it, and many processes that are taking place simultaneously and sequentially. Our objective is therefore, to review the scientific scholarship on cellulite to explore the causes of its origin. We carried out a preliminary search of the Medline, Cochrane, and Web of Knowledge databases covering the period from 1978 to April 2011. As there is no specific key word for the phenomenon at hand, we used the following descriptors: adipose tissue, subcutaneous fat, subcutaneous tissue, connective tissue, skin, skin disease and dermis. This resulted in a retrieval of 26 articles contributing to relevant information on the aetiology of cellulite. As a result of our first research, we concluded that cellulite is a physiological phenomenon or at least, that it has a physiological origin, which is characteristic of women, and multi-causal, with the coexistence of a number of factors that trigger, perpetuate, or exacerbate it. The outstanding factors include, among others, connective tissue architecture, oestrogen action, microvascular alterations and certain genetic and hormonal characteristics. All of them provide us with future and novel clues to cellulite treatment, and is necessary to take some or all of these factors into account in developing an effective therapy. However, we are aware of the necessity of further investigation in this field.

Tables are a common means to display data in human-friendly formats. Many authors have worked on proposals to extract those data back since this has many interesting applications. In this article, we summarise and compare many of the proposals to extract data from tables that are encoded using HTML and have been published between 2000 and 2018. We first present a vocabulary that homogenises the terminology used in this field; next, we use it to summarise the proposals; finally, we compare them side by side. Our analysis highlights several challenges to which no proposal provides a conclusive solution and a few more that have not been addressed sufficiently; simply put, no proposal provides a complete solution to the problem, which seems to suggest that this research field shall keep active in the near future. We have also realised that there is no consensus regarding the datasets and the methods used to evaluate the proposals, which hampers comparing the experimental results.

Cellulite Severity Scale has excellent reliability and internal consistency when used to evaluate cellulite on the buttocks and back of the thighs considered together. Nevertheless, the dimension grade of laxity, flaccidity or sagging skin does not contribute positively to the final consistency of the scale. This dimension needs to be analysed in greater depth in future studies.

Abstract— The photoactivation of nitrate reductase from Neurospora crassa was studied in partially purified extracts. The inactive enzyme [inactivated by reduction in the presence of potassium cyanide] could be reactivated by chemical oxidation with ferricyanide or by irradiation with blue light. The enzyme contains a short electron transfer chain consisting of flavin adenine dinucleotide, cytochrome b557 and molybdenum which normally transfers electrons from reduced pyridine nucleotide to nitrate. This overall activity, which was negligible in the inactive enzyme, was restored to approximately 70% of the ferricyanide control by irradiation. However, nitrate reduction using reduced methylviologen as reducing power, which was also negligible in the inactive enzyme, was photoactivated to 100%. The diaphorase activity of the enzyme mediated by the flavin adenine dinucleotide, which was fully active in the inactivated enzyme, was inhibited approximately 30% by the irradiation treatment. The action spectrum for photoactivation showed that a flavin was the photoreceptor chromophore. Photoactivation occurs only in the presence of oxygen.