Zika virus (ZV) is an important emerging infection. Rash is a key feature, but the summative literature lacks description of the rash beyond 'maculopapular'. Our aim was to identify the cutaneous features described in the published literature. A literature search using defined terms for ZV cases reports and series was performed on the OVID, Clinical Key and University of Dundee's e-library journals databases in December 2016; a later case report was included while the paper was under review. Diagnosis in all cases was via PCR. Exclusion criteria were Zika cases without rash or omitting any description of the rash. Ocular features (conjunctivitis) were not included. In total, 42 publications with 66 cases met the criteria. The most frequent descriptive features included maculopapular (59%), lower limb petechial purpura (11%) and erythematous/red (9%). Pruritus was described in 44% and tenderness in 3%. Lesions were located on the trunk (29%), limbs (5% arms, 11% both arms and legs), face (17%) and extremities (14%) or were diffuse/generalized (12%). There was facial sparing in 3%. Other features were centrifugal spread (6%), palmar and/or plantar involvement (6%), palmoplantar desquamation (2%) and malar erythema with oedema (2%). Mucosal features included gingival bleeding (11%), oral haemorrhagic blisters (8%) and painful blisters/vesicles (4%). Oedema/swelling was described in the upper limbs (5%), lower limbs (5%) and both (3%). Mean rash duration was 6 days (range 3-11 days). The ZV exanthema is most frequently maculopapular, pruritic, sometimes with centrifugal spread from the trunk to extremities. This may include lower limb petechial purpura, palmoplantar lesions, oedema of limb extremities, and gingival bleeding or painful oral bullae. As ZV becomes more prevalent, recognition of the clinical features will enable earlier diagnosis and appropriate testing.
DEAR EDITOR, A 53-year-old woman was seen with a phototoxic, oedematous, erythematous eruption 3 days after commencing a celery soup diet (three bowls daily). Furanocoumarins including 5-methoxypsoralen are found in celery (part of the plant family Apiaceae); these are the likely agents precipitating the photosensitive rash. The rash arose in a photosensitive distribution to the face, the dorsum of the hands, the volar aspect of the forearms and the 'V' of the upper chest, sparing bra strap sites. Histology (haematoxylin and eosin, 9 100) supported phototoxic features with spongiosis, scattered apoptosis, subepidermal oedema and loose perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate. Immunofluorescence, porphyria screen and photoallergy patch testing were negative.
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The 2016 second edition of The Oxford Handbook of Medical Dermatology 1 (Editors: Dr Susan Burge and Dr Rubeta Matin, with Dr Dinny Wallis) succeeds the first 2011 edition. 2 The contents range from emergency skin presentations and general dermatology conditions, to specific chapters such as the dermatological interface with neurology and nephrology. There are chapters on skin biology and practical knowledge (e.g. topical treatments). 1 The second edition has updated information, such as the revised nomenclature for vasculitides. It has expanded chapters, including new chemotherapeutic drugs in the chapter on cutaneous reactions to drugs. A new chapter on genetic skin diseases has also been added. 1 This book continues to deliver the practical approach of the Oxford Handbook series to clinical situations using the 'What should I ask? What should I look for? What should I do?' format. Key boxes, bullet points and photographs are utilized in a succinct manner to illustrate the key points. For example, there are boxes on risk factors and diagnostic criteria. 1,2 While this book is compact, it is not as readily carried as a smartphone application. Other books in the Oxford Handbook series are available for smartphones as a downloadable app or online, 3 whereas this book's app is not directly available and is accessed secondarily through the Medhand International Library application. 4 Nevertheless, it is a useful resource, guiding initial management, but not at the expense of referring to established clinical guidelines. 5 In summary, we like this book because of its userfriendly layout, clear presentation and practical approach to dermatology. We would recommend this book for new dermatology trainees, general practitioners with a specialist interest in dermatology, and other specialty doctors who would like a more in-depth knowledge of skin disease manifestations in their field, including those doctors considering a career in dermatology. 1
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