We developed a computer program for life table analysis using the open source, free software programming environment R. It is useful to quantify chronic nonlethal effects of treatments on arthropod populations by summarizing information on their survival and fertility in key population parameters referred to as fertility life table parameters. Statistical inference on fertility life table parameters is not trivial because it requires the use of computationally intensive methods for variance estimation. Our codes present some advantages with respect to a previous program developed in Statistical Analysis System. Additional multiple comparison tests were incorporated for the analysis of qualitative factors; a module for regression analysis was implemented, thus, allowing analysis of quantitative factors such as temperature or agrochemical doses; availability is granted for users, once it was developed using an open source, free software programming environment. To illustrate the descriptive and inferential analysis implemented in lifetable.R, we present and discuss two examples: 1) a study quantifying the influence of the proteinase inhibitor berenil on the eucalyptus defoliator Thyrinteina arnobia (Stoll) and 2) a study investigating the influence of temperature on demographic parameters of a predaceous ladybird, Hippodamia variegata (Goeze).

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Anastrepha curvicauda (Diptera: Tephritidae) (syn. Toxotrypana curvicauda) is one of the main fruit flies of papaya crop abroad. The insect is an absent quarantine pest (AQP) in Brazil. However, due to its great potential to attack the fruit crop, with economic and social impacts, and because it is present in areas of Venezuela and Colombia, the insect was prioritized among the 20 AQPs for prospective research. The use of ecological niche modeling and geoprocessing techniques, considering respectively the algorithm Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set Production (GARP) in OpenModeller platform and ArcGIS, has contributed to obtaining georeferenced information on national municipal areas favorable to the occurrence of insect pests. Information from technical-scientific literature and from national and international databases was used. This work presents the territorial zoning of Brazilian areas favorable to A. curvicauda in papaya crop, considering ecological niche modeling in GARP, ArcGIS and information from international/national databases on papaya crop, municipalities and climatic factors (GBIF, SIDRA/IBGE, BDMEP/INMET). Suitable areas for the insect were identified in all geographic regions of the country, predominantly in municipalities of the Southeastern, Northeastern, and Southern regions. Suitable microregions of the states were also identified, allowing the observation of their respective municipal concentrations presenting this favorability. The federation units that showed greater municipal favorabilities for the occurrences of this AQP in papaya were

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Ingestion of proteinase inhibitors leads to hyperproduction of digestive proteinases, limiting the bioavailability of essential amino acids for protein synthesis, which affects insect growth and development. However, the effects of proteinase inhibitors on digestive enzymes can lead to an adaptive response by the insect. In here, we assessed the biochemical response of midgut proteinases from the eucalypt defoliator Thyrinteina arnobia (Stoll) to different concentrations of berenil, a bis-benzamidine proteinase inhibitor, on eucalyptus. Eucalyptus leaves were immersed in berenil solutions at different concentrations and fed to larvae of T. arnobia. Mortality was assessed daily. The proteolytic activity in the midgut of T. arnobia was assessed after feeding on plants sprayed with aqueous solutions of berenil, fed to fifth instars of T. arnobia for 48 h before midgut removal for enzymatic assays. Larvae of T. arnobia were able to overcome the effects of the lowest berenil concentrations by increasing their trypsin-like activity, but not as berenil concentration increased, despite the fact that the highest berenil concentration resulted in overproduction of trypsin-like proteinases. Berenil also prevented the increase of the cysteine proteinases activity in response to trypsin inhibition.