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Brownian motion, and Kramer's rate formula are included in the rate theory chapter. One suggestion (for a possible second edition) would be the inclusion of more applications that are carried through to quantitative conclusions, such as specific atomic based-computations of elastic behavior of crystals, including finite, nonlinear deformation (some examples can be found in Mechanics of Solids, edited by H. G. Hopkins and M. J. Sewell, Pergamon Press, 1982).

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The stress analysis of the flange problem is found to be sensitive to the way in which the component is modelled, particularly so when a finite element program is used to analyse the flange and bolt contact faces. The validity of a number of these finite element models are examined, by comparing the predicted maximum axial bending stress at the intersection of the taper-hub and the cylindrical vessel, with those measured on a large taper hub flange. It is found that a well-thought-through simple model can produce accurate results. In this type of flange it is considered that the magnitude of this stress is critical since, if the bending stress at this intersection reaches yield and subsequently a plastic hinge develops, then undue rotation of the flange could cause leakage. Using an appropriate finite element model, the development of plasticity is studied, from which it is shown that the use of a cylindrical shell yield surface provides a more realistic approach than the simple beam criterion which is unconservative despite its wide use in the existing pressure vessel standards.

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