These data suggest that the importance of renal disease as a cause of death in patients with Fabry disease is decreasing while the importance of cardiac disease is increasing. This pattern probably reflects improvements in the management of renal disease in patients with Fabry disease.

Lifestyle modifications remain the primary therapeutic avenue for the management of pediatric hypertriglyceridemia. We propose an algorithm for the management of this heterogeneous population to guide clinicians in their treatment decisions.

Following several years absence from clinical follow up, an 18-year-old female on diet therapy for phenylketonuria presented with spastic paraparesis, tremor, disorientation, slurred speech, distractibility, deteriorating mental function and megaloblastic anaemia (Hb 64g/l mean corpuscular volume 121). Plasma phenylalanine levels were 100-600 mumol/l for the first 18 months of life but thereafter, because of serious psycho-social factors, > 1200 mumol/l. Her diet had strictly excluded all meats, eggs and dairy products but she had been ingesting her medical food (Lofenalac) only irregularly. Further investigation revealed a vitamin B12 level of 65.8 pmol/l (normal 150-670). Treatment with oral B12 quickly corrected her anaemia and there was a gradual improvement in speech, gait, tremor, disorientation and mood but mild spastic diplegia remained. This case prompted us to survey 37 adolescent and young adult phenylketonuria patients in our clinic -28 were on diet therapy, 9 were off (age 11-35 years, mean 21.6 years, 17 males, 20 females). Those on diet were not under ideal metabolic control. Six (16%) had subnormal serum B12 levels (< 150 pmol/l) and another six had borderline low values (150-200 pmol/l). None had specific neurological signs of subacute combined degeneration. Serum methylmalonic acid and homocysteine were not measured. On the basis of this survey we recommend that complete blood count, serum B12, RBC folate, methylmalonic acid and homocysteine be routinely measured in adolescents and young adults with phenylketonuria.

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