Wireless sensor network (WSN) requires robust and energy efficient communication protocols to minimise the energy consumption as much as possible. However, the lifetime of sensor network reduces due to the adverse impacts caused by radio irregularity and fading in multihop WSN. A cluster-based cooperative multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) scheme is proposed as a solution for this problem. The proposed scheme extends low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol and enables multihop transmissions among the clusters by incorporating cooperative MIMO scheme through the selection of cooperative sending and receiving nodes. The performance of the proposed MIMO system is evaluated interms of energy efficiency and reliability. Simulation results show that tremendous energy savings can be achieved by adopting cooperative MIMO scheme among the clusters. The proposed cooperative MIMO scheme prolongs the network lifetime with 75% of nodes remaining alive when compared to LEACH protocol.
Sensor networks require robust and efficient communication protocols to maximise the network lifetime. Radio irregularity, channel fading and interference results in larger energy consumption and latency for packet transmission over wireless channel. Cooperative multi-input multi-output (MIMO) schemes can combat the fading effects in wireless sensor network (WSN) and can significantly improve the communication performance. More over, the traffic offered to the sensor network is highly dynamic and an inefficiently designed medium access control (MAC) protocol however, may diminish the performance gains of MIMO operation. Hence, this paper proposes a distributed threshold based MAC protocol for cooperative MIMO transmissions using space time block codes (STBC) to maintain stability even under higher traffic loads. The protocol uses a thresholding scheme that is updated dynamically based on the queue length at the sending node to achieve lesser energy consumption and minimise packet latency ensuring the stability of transmission queues at the nodes. STBC techniques are applied for MIMO data transmission to utilise the inherent spatial diversity in wireless systems. Simulation results are provided to evaluate the performance of the proposed MAC protocol and are compared with fixed group size cooperative MIMO MAC protocols with and without STBC coding. Results show that the proposed protocol outperforms cooperative MIMO MAC protocols that use fixed group sizes. STBC technique for the proposed MAC protocol provides significant energy savings and minimises the packet delay by leveraging MIMO diversity gains. General TermsMulti-input multi-output, Medium access control, Space time block code, Wireless sensor network.
Abstract-Wireless sensor networks consist of large number of nodes often battery operated, which have ad hoc topology and variable traffic rates. The medium access control (MAC) protocol designed for the network must be stable and should consume less energy. This paper presents a novel hybrid MAC protocol that uses the information of clusters to divide the MAC layer functionality into two types, namely, bit map assisted (BMA) protocol and nanoMAC protocol for the intra and inter-cluster communication respectively. Performance of the hybrid MAC protocol is evaluated in terms of energy, delay and offered traffic load and compared with the conventional MAC schemes. Simulation results show that the hybrid MAC protocol considerably reduces the energy consumption and delay to maximize the lifetime of the sensor network.
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