The interactions between dodecyl trimethylammonium bromide (C12TAB) and two samples of DNA with widely differing molecular weights have been studied using surface tension and neutron reflectometry. Neutron reflection data show that the surfactant and polymer are adsorbed together in a highly cooperative fashion over a 1000-fold change in surfactant concentration. Furthermore, the shorter DNA fragments adsorb with C12TAB as trilayers at higher surfactant concentrations, with overall layer thicknesses of 65-70 A. The high molecular weight DNA, however, shows only approximate monolayer adsorption with thicknesses varying from 19 to 26 A over the entire range of C12TAB concentrations. The difference in behavior between the different samples is believed to be a result of the rigid double helical structure of DNA which makes the formation of bulk phase polymer/micelle aggregates much less favorable for the short fragments. The resulting increase in the critical aggregation concentration (CAC) then leads to the adsorption of additional surfactant/polymer complex to the underside of the initial stable surface active DNA/C12TAB complex. Comparison with previous results obtained for synthetic polyelectrolytes shows that DNA/C12TAB complexes are not capable of reducing the surface tensions to the extent that other mixtures such as the poly(styrene sulfonate)/C12TAB mixtures do. A possible reason for this is the high rigidity of DNA combined with the fact that its hydrophobic moieties are positioned within the double helix so that the external molecule is largely hydrophilic.

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Based on a new technique, a tunable, multi-channel system that covers the Q–band (33–55 GHz) is presented in this article. It has a potential use of the Doppler backscattering system diagnostic that can measure the turbulence radial correlation and the perpendicular velocity of turbulence by changing the incident angle. The system consists primarily of a double-sideband (DSB) modulation and a multiplier, which creates four probing frequencies. The probing frequency enables the simultaneous analysis of the density fluctuations and flows at four distinct radial regions in tokamak plasma. The amplitude of the probing frequency can be adjusted by the initial phase of the intermediate frequency (IF) input from the double-sideband, and the typical flatness is less than 10 dB. The system was tested in the lab with a rotating grating, and the results show that the system can operate in the frequency range of 33–55 GHz with a Q-band multitude and that the power of each channel can be adjusted by the phase of the IF input of DSB.

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A: TARGET7, the 7 th -generation TeV Array Readout with GSPS (Gigabit Samples Per Second) sampling and Experimental Trigger ASIC, has been initially designed to monolithically and inexpensively instrument large deployments of semiconductor photon detectors for large neutrino and muon detectors. It is a switched capacitor array (SCA) based transient waveform recorder with 3-dB bandwidth of 500 MHz; a large dynamic range of 1.8 V; high sampling rate (typically 1 GSPS); high channel density (16 channels per ASIC); low power consumption (< 10 mW/channel) and deep analog storage buffer (16,384 samples per channel). Moreover, each channel has an integrated Wilkinson ADC (Analog-to-Digital Convertor) for digitization. In this paper, a test board with the chip is described. Calibration methods, timing performance as well as its application possibility in charge measurement with a comparison to an oscilloscope are studied.