Background Health inequities remain a public health concern. Chronic adversity such as discrimination or racism as trauma may perpetuate health inequities in marginalized populations. There is a growing body of the literature on trauma informed and culturally competent care as essential elements of promoting health equity, yet no prior review has systematically addressed trauma informed interventions. The purpose of this study was to appraise the types, setting, scope, and delivery of trauma informed interventions and associated outcomes. Methods We performed database searches— PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, SCOPUS and PsycINFO—to identify quantitative studies published in English before June 2019. Thirty-two unique studies with one companion article met the eligibility criteria. Results More than half of the 32 studies were randomized controlled trials (n = 19). Thirteen studies were conducted in the United States. Child abuse, domestic violence, or sexual assault were the most common types of trauma addressed (n = 16). While the interventions were largely focused on reducing symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (n = 23), depression (n = 16), or anxiety (n = 10), trauma informed interventions were mostly delivered in an outpatient setting (n = 20) by medical professionals (n = 21). Two most frequently used interventions were eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (n = 6) and cognitive behavioral therapy (n = 5). Intervention fidelity was addressed in 16 studies. Trauma informed interventions significantly reduced PTSD symptoms in 11 of 23 studies. Fifteen studies found improvements in three main psychological outcomes including PTSD symptoms (11 of 23), depression (9 of 16), and anxiety (5 of 10). Cognitive behavioral therapy consistently improved a wide range of outcomes including depression, anxiety, emotional dysregulation, interpersonal problems, and risky behaviors (n = 5). Conclusions There is inconsistent evidence to support trauma informed interventions as an effective approach for psychological outcomes. Future trauma informed intervention should be expanded in scope to address a wide range of trauma types such as racism and discrimination. Additionally, a wider range of trauma outcomes should be studied.

Background: With rapidly growing numbers of homebound older adults, the need for effective home-based health interventions is increasingly recognized. Advanced practice registered nurses (NPs) are one of the most common providers of home-based primary care. Limited information is available to address the scope and nature of NP-led home-based primary care and associated outcomes.Objective: To synthesize research evidence of NP visits in home-based primary care.Data Sources: Six electronic databases-PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Scopus-were searched to identify peer-reviewed research articles addressing homebased primary care interventions led by NPs. Independent screening resulted in 17 relevant articles from 14 unique studies to include in the review.Conclusions: Nurse practitioners provided health assessments, education, care planning and coordination primarily by face-to-face home visits. Despite a variability in terms of study design, setting, and sample, NP-led home-based primary care was in general associated with less hospitalization and fewer emergency department visits. Evidence was mixed in relation to patient-reported outcomes such as subjective health, functional status, and symptoms. Costs and patient or caregiver satisfaction were additional outcomes addressed, but the findings were inconsistent.Implications for Practice: Recent policy changes to authorize NPs to independently assess, diagnose, and order home care services directly affect how NPs approach home-based primary care programs. Our findings support NP-led home-based primary care to decrease consequential health utilization and suggest the need for further evaluating the care models in diverse populations with more patient-reported and caregiver outcomes.

South Africa’s rise in non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and healthcare provider shortages have generated the need for community health workers (CHWs) in rural areas. However, roles and interactions with clinic staff are not well understood. Interviews with healthcare workers at community clinics in Limpopo Province revealed common themes, including resource scarcity, clinic-patient partnerships, management of NCDs, and collaboration between professionals. The data did not support CHW-physician interactions, necessitating further research to describe these practices and to evaluate CHWs’ impact on patient outcomes. CHW involvement in rural clinics is essential to patient-clinic partnerships and may help close treatment gaps in resource-poor areas.

Older adults are vulnerable to experiencing the digital divide. Identifying effective web-enabled recruitment strategies to target older adults is an important research focus. Web-enabled recruitment strategies have become increasingly popular amidst virtual working environments due to unprecedented challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet, it is unclear which web-enabled recruitment strategies have been successful among older adults in community-based intervention trials. We describe lessons learned in using web-enabled strategies to recruit Korean American older adults with probable dementia and their caregivers in a community-based intervention trial and compare our findings with the web-enabled recruitment strategies targeting older adults reported in relevant published studies. Data sources included: study team meeting minutes, community consultant interviews, and a PubMed search. Five themes emerged: unfamiliarity with technology, differences in internet access across older age groups, providing technological support to promote recruitment, successful and unsuccessful recruitment using social media, and other diverse online methods of recruitment.