Vane shear strength and cone resistance for Scandinavian soft to medium stiff clay has been compared for six different sites in Norway and Sweden.At five of the sites, three in Drammen, one in Onsøy, and one in Gøteborg, the clays have been sedimented in an entirely marin environment. At the Skå-Edeby site the conditions have been marine-brackish or brackish-marine.When compared with the standard field vane shear strength, the cone factor, Nk (in the formula: qc = Nk∙[Formula: see text]f + γ∙z), varies between 13 and 24 for the five marine clays. For the Skå-Edeby clay the Nk values lie in the range 8 to 12.Corrections of field vane shear strength result, for the five marine clays, in Nk values between 15 and 19 with an average of 17. This Nk value can be used for Scandinavian marine normally consolidated clays, but may not be valid in other types of clays. An example of this is the Skå-Edeby brackish-marine clay where the corrected Nk values fall between 11 and 13.

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Restrictions on the carriage of liquids, aerosol, and gels (LAGs) by airline passengers have been in place since November 2006, following the discovery of a terrorist plot involving homemade liquid explosives to be used on transatlantic flights (Wikipedia, 2006). Restrictions on the carriage of LAGs remain today, and the operational impact of introducing further screening of liquids is subject to ongoing debate. This paper addresses one of the concerns, namely that the false alarm rates of liquid explosive detection systems (LEDS) are adversely affected by the filling level of LAGs containers. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the operational impact of screening partially full containers, based on a large number of screening repetitions under laboratory conditions and robust statistical analysis. False alarm rates were observed for 39 LAGs screened with 5 different LEDS. For each combination, four different container filling levels (100%, 75%, 50% and 25%) were studied. These observations were used to model the impact of partially filling for sequential combinations of equipment. Three possible scenarios were considered, namely passengers being allowed to carry (1) only water, (2) water & soft drinks, and (3) all LAGs. The results show that, for a sequential combination of two equipment types, the impact of partially filled containers on the overall false alarm rate is negligible. Nevertheless, partially filled containers do result in an approximate two-fold increase in the number J Transp Secur (2017) 10:145-169 https://doi