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The present study is aimed to recognize the structural styles of hydrocarbon exploration and petrophysical properties of the LGF. The 2-D seismic and well log data set is composed of three seismic lines and well log data of Chak 66–1. Five horizons have been marked with the help of well to seismic tie namely tops of Ranikot, Parh, upper Goru, lower Goru, basal and top massive sands, and out of which basal and massive sands are the objective focus of the present study. Based on seismic data, the study area is characterized by normal faults showing NW–SE dipping trend. Horst and graben structural features are prominent on the seismic lines, which indicated the extensional tectonic regime. Time–depth contour maps and 3D surfaces of objective horizons depict their actual spatial distribution in this area. Wireline logging analysis revealed the physical properties of both basal and massive grains of sand, as 17% effective porosity, 25% average volume of shale (Vsh), 40% water and 60% hydrocarbon saturations for basal sands, Whereas, 16% effective porosity, 35% Vsh, 30% water and 70% hydrocarbon saturations are interpreted for massive sands. Cross–plots of Nphi–Dt and Dt–Rhob also identified that both areas of sand are clean, gas–saturated and have the potential to produce hydrocarbons.

Formation evaluation is widely used in exploration and production in order to minimize the risk, uncertainty, and understanding of the detailed characteristics of potential reservoir rocks. This study is aimed to evaluate the Petrophysical characteristics of upper and lower basal sands of the Cretaceous lower Goru Formation in Niamat-01 and Siraj-01 wells and to focus on hydrocarbon exploration potential. These wells have been drilled in the Khipro block, lower Indus basin, which is the least explored for the reservoir quality evaluation. Present study characterized the lower Goru sands of the Khipro block. It is interpreted that the thickness of upper and lower Basal sands are 13m and 10m, respectively in Naimat Basal 01, whereas 9m and 17m, respectively, are reported in SirajSouth-01. The average effective porosity is 11% in upper Basal sands while 26% is interpreted for lower Basal sand in Naimat Basal-01. An average porosity of 11% is found for upper Basal sands in Siraj South-01 and 11% for lower Basal sand. Water saturation (Sw) calculated for upper and lower Basal sands are 22% and 19%, respectively. The hydrocarbon saturation (Sh) of 78% is interpreted for upper Basal sands and 81% hydrocarbon saturation reported for lower Basal sands in Naimat basal-01. However, 36% and 45% Sw have been recognized for upper and lower Basal sands, respectively. Whereas hydrocarbon saturations of 64% and 55% are reported for the upper and lower basal sands, respectively, in SirajSouth-01. Crossover effects in front of targeted formations confirmed the presence of hydrocarbons in the zone of interest. Lower sands of the lower Goru Formation in the Khipro block are favorable for hydrocarbon production and have potential for future hydrocarbon exploration activities.

Every year, disaster strikes, and led to thousands of casualties and deaths around the world. A meteorological disaster such as a flash flood is a multifaceted hydro-meteorological phenomenon that can cause a huge loss of human life and can create severe economic problems. In this study, techniques based on Geographic information systems and Remote sensing were used to get the flood susceptibility map for District Shangla, Pakistan. For the susceptibility of flash floods, geo morphometric ranking model was used. Various causative factors were considered including; topography, river pattern, and flow accumulation. ALOS PALSAR digital elevation model was used for calculating the required causative factors. Eleven different sub-basins were delineated in the Shangla basin. A total of eighteen morphometric parameters were studied. The morphometric ranking approach (MRA) score was determined with a range of 1 to 5. Rank 5 represents high risk while rank 1 exhibits low risk. The results of the model were categorized into five flood vulnerability classes; very low, low, moderate, high and very high. The total population of Shangla district is 757,810 with a population density of 480 persons per sq km2, and results from this study revealed that 23 % of the total geographic area (364.11 km2) of the district is vulnerable to high flash floods.

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