We undertook this study to evaluate the effects of leflunomide, an oral pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor, on the serum chemokine levels in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who were refractory to treatment with methotrexate (MTX) or did not tolerated MTX treatment. RA patients were supposed to receive leflunomide (100 mg/day loading dose for 3 days followed by 20 mg/day orally for the 12 months). Serum concentrations of RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay before and after 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of treatment with leflunomide. Three months therapy with leflunomide caused reduction in serum RANTES and MCP-1 (in both cases, p < 0.001) levels. Decrease in the concentration of these chemokines persisted until the end of the study period but was less significant. In the case of IL-8, its serum levels significantly diminished after 6 months of therapy with leflunomide (p < 0.01) and remained stable to the end of the study. Changes in serum chemokine levels were accompanied by significant decrease of disease activity score (DAS; p < 0.001). Prior to the first dose of leflunomide, serum concentrations of studied chemokines correlated with marker of RA activity such as the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and IL-8 level with DAS. Furthermore, we demonstrated significant correlations between serum levels of RANTES, MCP-1, and IL-8. During study period, such associations were far less or not significant. Leflunomide, beside a clinical improvement, reduce serum chemokines concentrations in RA patients. Leflunomide seems to be an effective treatment for RA, alternative to current therapies.
The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the Multiwave Locked System (MLS) laser therapy on clinical features, microvascular changes in nailfold videocapillaroscopy (NVC) and circulating modulators releasing as a consequence of vascular endothelium injury such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin 2 (Ang-2) in patients with primary and secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon. Seventy-eight RP patients and 30 healthy volunteers were recruited into the study. All patients with RP received MLS laser irradiation for 3 weeks. Clinical, NVC and laboratory investigations were performed before and after the MLS laser therapy. The serum concentration of VEGF and Ang-2 were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). After 3 weeks of MLS laser therapy, the clinical improvement manifested by decreasing of the number of RP attacks, mean duration of Raynaud’s attack and pain intensity in RP patients was observed. After MLS laser therapy in 65 % of patients with primary and in 35 % with secondary RP, an increase in the loop number and/or a reduction in avascular areas in NVC were observed. In comparison with a control group, higher serum concentration of VEGF and Ang-2 in RP patients was demonstrated. After MLS laser therapy, a reduction of Ang-2 in both groups of RP patients was found. Our results suggest that NVC may reflect microvascular changes associated with clinical improvement after MLS laser therapy in patients with primary and secondary RP. Ang-2 serum levels may be a useful marker of microvascular abnormalities in RP patients treated with MLS laser therapy.
Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) refers to paroxysmal pallor or cyanosis of the digits of the hands or feet and, infrequently, the tips of the nose or ears (acral parts) owing to cold-induced vasoconstriction of the digital arteries, precapillary arterioles, and cutaneous arteriovenous shunts.Raynaud's phenomenon reflects an exaggeration of normal central and local vasomotor responses to cold or emotion. Raynaud's phenomenon has been classified as primary or secondary, depending on whether it occurs as an isolated condition or is associated mainly with a connective tissue disease.Dysregulation of autonomic and sensitive nerve fibers, functional and structural vessel changes, and intravascular alterations can be observed in the pathogenesis of RP.Nailfold videocapillaroscopy (NVC) is the best non-invasive and repetitive diagnostic technique for detecting morpho-functional changes in the microcirculation. Nailfold videocapillaroscopy is accepted in early diagnosis and monitoring of primary and secondary RP.
<b>Wstęp:</b> Objaw Raynauda (<i>Raynaud’s phenomenon</i> – RP) charakteryzuje się dużą różnorodnością obrazu klinicznego, uwarun-kowanego stopniem zaawansowania zaburzeń mikrokrążenia. Kapilaroskopia wałów paznokciowych jest najlepszą nieinwazyjną metodą badania i monitorowania zaburzeń mikrokrążenia. Wobec braku satysfakcjonujących wyników leczenia farmakologicznego terapia fizykalna stanowi cenną możliwość poprawy jakości życia pacjentów z RP. <br /> <b>Cel pracy</b>: Ocena klinicznego efektu terapii z zastosowaniem biostymulacji laserowej oraz impulsowego pola magnetycznego niskiej częstotliwości u 48 pacjentów z pierwotnym RP leczonych pentoksyfiliną (tab. I). <br /> <b>Materiał i metody</b>: Ocenę kliniczną oraz badanie kapilaroskopowe przeprowadzono przed terapią, po 3 tygodniach leczenia pentoksyfiliną oraz po 3 tygodniach stosowania zabiegów fizykote-rapeutycznych. Po 3 tygodniach leczenia pentoksyfiliną losowo wyodrębniono dwie grupy, po 24 osoby każda, w których przez kolejne 3 tygodnie stosowano dodatkowo fizykoterapię. W obu grupach zabiegi stosowano 5 dni w tygodniu. W pierwszej grupie chorzy otrzymywali biostymulację laserową (częstotliwość 1500 Hz, dawka 25 J/cm<sup>2</sup>, czas trwania zabiegu 2,5 min). Pacjenci z drugiej grupy otrzymywali po zabiegu biostymulacji laserowej pole magnetyczne niskiej częstotliwości (40 Hz, indukcja 1–5 mT, czas trwania sesji 10–20 min). <br /> <b>Wyniki:</b> Po 3 tygodniach leczenia pentoksyfiliną różnice w liczbie epizodów RP i ich intensywności nie osiągnęły znamienności statystycznej. Mimo że po zastosowaniu fizykoterapii znamienną poprawę kliniczną wykazano u wszystkich pacjentów, nie stwier-dzono istotnych różnic pomiędzy pacjentami po dwóch rodzajach terapii a pacjentami, którzy otrzymywali jedynie biostymulację laserową. Ponadto po zastosowaniu fizykoterapii wykazano poprawę w zakresie zaburzeń mikrokrążenia w badaniu kapilaroskopowym (ryc. 1–3).<br /> <b>Wnioski</b>: W pracy wykazano korzystny efekt kliniczny biostymulacji laserowej u pacjentów z objawem Raynauda, leczonych pentoksyfiliną, aczkolwiek terapia z zastosowaniem pola magnetycznego niskiej częstotliwości nie miała dodatkowego wpływu na poprawę kliniczną. Po zabiegach fizykoterapeutycznych obserwowano również poprawę w zakresie zaburzeń mikrokrążenia w badaniu kapilaroskopowym.
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