Introduction Human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonosis of great importance to public health due to its epidemiological diversity, with emphasis on the possibility of aggravation by coinfection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Objective The aim was to study the epidemiological characteristics of VL cases associated with HIV coinfection in Pará. Methods. Reported cases of VL from January 2006 to December 2016 were investigated. A descriptive epidemiological method related to age, gender, area of residence and coinfection with HIV was used. To calculate variance and test equity, the F -test (Fisher) was performed. To observe the influence of one aspect on another, the chi-square was used to verify if there was dependence or independence between the variables. Results A total of 1171 cases of VL were reported during the study period. There was an annual mean of LV of 94.9, with a statistical difference (p<0.05) between age groups, with the highest number of cases being observed in children aged 1 to 4 years (27.16%). Males and the urban area had a higher number of cases. There were 57 cases of VL/HIV coinfection, with emphasis on the year 2013 and the municipality of Santarém, which had the highest number of cases. During the ten years studied, there was a correlation between coinfection VL/ HIV, with significant differences between patients with and without HIV who contracted VL (p<0.001). Conclusion The data reveal the endemic nature of VL in the region, with a high percentage of infection in children living in urban areas. Although the studied region is not identified as a predominant area of HIV cases, this study showed a high annual average (10.3) of cases of VL/HIV coinfection being the first time that cases of VL/HIV coinfection were reported in the Mesoregion of the Lower Amazon and Southwest Pará.

Transfusion therapy in veterinary medicine is a practice that is growing more and more, being used as a supportive treatment for dogs and cats, mainly with the use of whole blood, which seeks to reestablish the ability to transport oxygen to tissues, in addition to correcting other deficits, as in the case of severe anemias and blood losses. Although there are still indications for the use of whole blood, currently the bags are centrifuged for separation of blood components, favoring the more economical use of whole blood. The blood enabled to the transfusion process should be stored in plastic bags, however, during the conservation period, the blood tissue suffers increasing lesions, and these changes are known together as storage lesions. Deficiency in monitoring these changes over the preservation period may make blood use unfeasible or decrease its effectiveness after transfusion. Therefore, it is important to disseminate information about the whole process, as well as the correct use of blood components, in order to subsidize donation programs and veterinary blood banks. This chapter aims to conduct a literature review to highlight advances in transfusion medicine and the conservationof blood and blood components in dogs and cats.