RESUMOAtualmente, cresce o interesse global na economia de combustível fóssil e na redução das emissões de gases, por motivos econômicos e ecológicos. Neste trabalho se aplicou um método para classificação de tratores agrícolas, com base na sua eficiência energética, usando-se o consumo específico (em L kWh -1 ) como termo de comparação. O fator energético mais importante para essa máquina é o seu motor, seguido da transmissão. O trabalho se baseia no resultado dos ensaios de tratores realizados segundo normas brasileiras, tendo como modelo o código OECD, além de ser uma classificação de modelos de tratores fabricados no País. Os tratores movidos a álcool apresentaram consumo elevado de combustível. A metodologia permite a idéia de como os tratores se comportam, no que diz respeito à eficiência energética. Palavras-chave: coeficientes, índices de consumo, coeficiente da transmissão Energy efficiency of Brazilian agricultural tractors ABSTRACTNowadays there is a growing global interest in saving fossil fuel and reducing gas emissions for economical and ecological reasons. This research applied a method of classification of agricultural tractors depending on their energy efficiency, using the specific fuel consumption (in L kWh -1 ) as a comparison. The most important energy factor in these machines is the engine, followed by the transmission. This research is based on results of the OECD tractor test and classifies tractor models, which have been principally sold in Brazil. The tractors fueled by ethanol presented a high level of fuel consumption. The methodology allows us to understand how tractors perform in terms of energy efficiency.
In order to optimise an over-the-row pneumatic sprayer working in high-density apple tree orchards, tests have been conducted to study the deposition and distribution of its droplets. Field tests were conducted in an "artificial orchard" made with wooden posts and in an orchard of high density apple trees. To evaluate the quality of distribution, colored water droplets were collected on white plastic cards, which were then photographed. The effect of the angle between nozzle orientation and travel path on droplet deposition around wooden posts was studied. It was also studied the influence of air speed on the deposition on the apple trees and the drift and slide down of droplets. Tests show that the best nozzle position to get a uniform coverage around wooden posts which simulate tree trunks is face to face. This position also creates a tunnel of turbulence made by the wind without any physical wall. An air speed of 55 m sE1 at the exit of the nozzles is the best to get uniform deposition of droplets in all areas of the trees. An smaller air speed of 41 m sE1 gives a worse deposition on the back of the leaves, while a larger air speed of 63 m sE1 gives a poor deposition on the outside leaves and can detach fruits when they are present on the trees.
A redução nas reservas mundiais de petróleo contribui para o uso de máquinas com boa eficiência energética. A perda de energia nos tratores agrícolas de pneus ocorre, principalmente, no motor e na transmissão. Neste trabalho, são mostrados alguns índices, que representam a relação entre o consumo de combustível e a potência dos tratores. Assim, estabeleceu-se uma classificação dependente da eficiência do combustível. Os índices foram obtidos, a partir dos ensaios oficiais realizados nas estações que seguem os códigos OCDE, levando-se em consideração a eficiência do motor e da transmissão. O objetivo final é a proposta de um método, que classifica os tratores agrícolas de acordo com um índice, que representa sua eficiência energética.
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