Resumen: El presente artículo describe el diseño y desarrollo de una herramienta computacional, que permite modelar un sistema de tratamiento de aguas residuales urbanas por medio de un reactor biológico de lodos activados. El sistema de lodos activados se basa en tres diseños: mezcla completa (reactor sin recirculación y reactor con recirculación) y flujo pistón con recirculación. La información obtenida sirve como base de diseño para la selección de un sistema de manejo integral de aguas a partir de lodos activados. La implementación del modelo, y su posterior simulación mediante el software sirve para diseñar o modelar plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales, o como herramienta de apoyo para las tareas de supervisión, permitiendo conocer los valores óptimos con los que debe trabajar su sistema de tal forma que se pueda tener una adecuada interpretación de los resultados. Palabras clave:Reactor biológico, lodos activados, modelo computacional, aireación, mezcla completa, flujo pistón con recirculación. Abstract:In this research it was designed and developed a computational tool, which models a system of treatment of urban waste water by Means of an activated sludge biological reactor. The activated sludge system is based on three designs: Complete mixture (reactor without recirculation and recycle reactor) and plug flow recirculation. The information obtained serves as a design basis for the selection of a system of integrated management of water from activated sludge. The implementation of the model and its mathematical simulation can be used to design or model plants to sewage treatment. It can also be useful for who oversees a plant and want to know the optimum values which should work with your system and facilitate interpretation of results.
En el presente trabajo se evaluó la influencia del solvente, de los métodos extracción en el rendimiento de aceite, y se realizó un procesamiento estadístico de los resultados a fin de validar la metodología empleada. El análisis fisicoquímico permitió determinar que no existen diferencias significativas entre el aceite extraído por los métodos empleados en el índice de acidez y en el índice de refracción, sin embargo si hubo diferencia en el índice de yodo, indicando que el aceite extraído por el método de Soxhlet presenta mayor estabilidad a la oxidación, el método de extracción que ofreció un mayor rendimiento, fue el asistido por ultrasonido alcanzando rendimientos del 29.79%, frente al 26.03% para la extracción por Soxhlet, el análisis de doble vía de Friedman de varianza por rangos de muestras relacionadas para la validación investigación evidencio que, existe diferencia significativa entre los rendimientos de los métodos.
The objective of this research was to propose a strategy based on the design and implementation of an early warning system (EWS) for extreme weather events. This project had the following phases: training for municipal and regional actors, preliminary technical diagnosis of the study areas, monitoring network, and the weather forecasts using numerical models WRF and GFS. This EWS is the result of the Macro-project EWS for Climate Events in the basins of the Pamplonita River and Zulia in the North of Santander (SATC), executed by the University of Pamplona and financed by the National Risk Management Unit (UNGRD) and the German Cooperation Agency (GIZ). The research concluded that the application of a disaster risk reduction strategy through an EWS for extreme weather events is an important tool and instrument for the planning of higher risk management because it helps anticipate disasters and consequently preserve lives.
To perform the calibration and standardization of the air quality measurements through the MQ sensors, a mathematical relation was used based on the information provided by the manufacturers of the sensors through their data sheets, using the linear mathematical regression model that allowed to create the libraries for the sensors MQ-2, MQ-3, MQ-4, MQ-5, MQ-6, MQ-7, MQ-8, MQ-9, MQ-135, MQ-131, MQ-303A, MQ-309A, These libraries are characterized by being open source, and are available to the public, whose software tool allows to take values in parts per million (ppm) from the value of the resistance read in the sensor, allows to obtain data which are similar to other scientific studies given that they give in the same units, which serve to perform studies in the environment, pollution, analysis in industrial processes.
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