The demand for household energy in Indonesia is dominated by air conditioning sector. One of the efforts to optimize air conditioner (AC) is to figure out the best air distribution pattern. Nowadays, there are three air distribution types of marketed AC; (1) perfect mixing, (2) displacement, and (3) radiant cooling. This research examines the influence of those types toward energy consuption to ensure indoor thermal comfort. It was conducted by conducting literature review, mathematical calculation, and numerical simulation. Based on SNI 03-6572-2001, the research applied comfort criteria of indoor air temperature of 24oC as setpoint with 28.1oC initial temperature. Energy consumption is estimated based on time required to achieve the setpoint. The fastest cooling time is obtained by displacement in 80 seconds, then perfect mixing in 112 seconds, and the longest is radiant cooling in 460 seconds. Energy calculation establishes three scenarios of heat load represented by air con’s idle time; (a) high load, 30 seconds, (b) moderate load, 60 seconds, and (c) low load, 90 seconds. For 300 hours of operational time per month, displacement consumes (a) 148.4, (b) 116.6, and (c) 96 kWh/month, whilst perfect mixing needs (a) 160.9, (b) 132.8, and (c) 113.1 kWh/month. Lastly, radiant cooling spends (a) 191.5, (b) 180.5, and (c) 170.6 kWh/month.
Education is an important sector of a nation toward better future. Conducive classroom with well designed room ventilation would encourage occupants in implementing effective teaching and learning activities. Research was conducted to figure out classroom performance and optimization of natural ventilation which was occurred in Engineering Faculty of UAJY represented by the classroom number 2406 as case study. Research is focused on classroom ventilation elements by examining window’s dimension, occupant’s adaptive behavior, opening types, and glass type at windward side. This research implements rationalistic method by utilizing computer simulation software DesignBuilder complemented with CFD in order to analyze and deduce information obtained primarily by field measurement and other relevant literatures. Results generated by DesignBuilder show that changes in ventilation area at external windows have significant influence over room’s ventilation performance. CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) experiments were conducted by examining opening types shown on room’s vertical section drawing, opening positions, overhangs, and external louvre types. Results show that experiments conducted by replacing the bottom layer of fixed windows with operable windows has significant effect in improving ventilation performance. Variation on overhangs only produce little impact, yet experiments on external louvres prove that the best type is horizontal louvre. Optimization done by studying above variables is capable to increase ventilation performance up to 800% in examined classroom.Keywords: ventilation, optimization, room openings, computer simulationAbstrak: Sektor pendidikan adalah tulang punggung suatu bangsa demi menuju masa depan yang lebih baik. Ruang kelas yang berkualitas dan kondusif dengan perencanaan sistem ventilasi dalam ruang yang baik bagi kegiatan belajar mengajar akan membantu tercapainya tujuan tersebut. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui sejauh mana performa ventilasi alami ruang dengan studi kasus Ruang Kelas 2406 Gedung Fakultas Teknik UAJY dan bagaimana bentuk optimasinya. Penelitian berfokus pada elemen bukaan dengan berbagai dimensi jendela, pengaturan adaptif penghuni, jenis bukaan ventilasi pada jendela, serta jenis kaca jendela pada sisi windward (angin datang). Metode simulasi komputer diperkuat dengan pengukuran lapangan menjadi alat bantu menakar dan mengoptimalisir kebutuhan ventilasi alami melalui berbagai variasi desain bukaan. Hasil studi dengan DesignBuilder memperlihatkan bahwa variabel luasan ventilasi pada jendela (“external window open”) memiliki pengaruh besar terhadap performa ventilasi alami dalam ruang. Studi dengan CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) berfokus pada model bukaan ruang, yaitu model bukaan pada potongan vertikal ruang, posisi bukaan, tipe teritisan (“overhang”) serta kerai (“louvre”) eksternal. Eksperimen pada posisi bukaan inlet menunjukkan bahwa perubahan jendela mati menjadi jendela hidup pada lapis bawah menghasilkan performa ventilasi lebih baik. Studi teritisan tidak memiliki pengaruh besar, sedangkan studi kerai membuktikan bahwa jenis kerai terbaik adalah kerai horisontal. Optimasi ini mampu meningkatkan performa ventilasi hingga 800% pada studi kasus.Kata kunci: ventilasi, optimasi, bukaan ruang, simulasi komputer
Penggunaan energi listrik bangunan di Indonesia didominasi oleh pemenuhan kebutuhan AC. Salah satu upaya untuk mengoptimalkan kinerja AC adalah dengan memperhatikan pola distribusi aliran udaranya. Saat ini, di pasaran terdapat 3 tipe pola distribusi udara AC, yaitu (1) perfect mixing, (2) displacement, dan (3) radiant cooling. Penelitian ini menguji pengaruh tipe-tipe distribusi AC tersebut terhadap konsumsi energi pendinginan dengan metode studi literatur, perhitungan matematis, dan simulasi komputer. Adapun kriteria kenyamanan yang digunakan bersumber dari SNI 03-6572-2001 dengan besaran suhu udara 24oC sebagai titik tuju (setpoint) AC dari kondisi awalnya 28,1oC. Sedangkan perhitungan tingkat konsumsi energi didapatkan dari lamanya waktu mencapai setpoint. Perhitungan menggunakan skema tiga skenario beban kalor diasumsikan menjadi lamanya waktu mesin AC saat jeda (idle), yaitu; (a) beban kalor besar, waktu jeda 30 detik, (b) beban kalor sedang, 60 detik, dan (c) beban kalor kecil, 90 detik. Dengan waktu operasional 300 jam per bulan, hasil perhitungan konsumsi energi pola displacement sesuai skenario adalah; (a) 148,4 kWh/bulan, (b) 116,6 kWh/bulan, dan (c) 96 kWh/bulan. Sedangkan perfect mixing; (a) 160,9 kWh/bulan, (b) 132,8 kWh/bulan, dan (c) 113,1 kWh/bulan, serta radiant cooling; (a) 191,5 kWh/bulan, (b) 180,5 kWh/bulan, dan (c) 170,6 kWh/bulan.Kata kunci: efisiensi energi, pengkondisian udara, pola distribusi udara
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