Pest management in most sub-Saharan subsistence agriculture involves mainly the use of botanicals that are either applied as powders, solvent extracts, ash or essential oils. Two hydrogenated monoterpenes (α-pinene and 3-carene) from Cupressus sempervirens were tested against Sitophilus zeamais in the laboratory to evaluate the contact and fumigation effects on the mortality of adult and immature weevils, progeny production, and grain damage. Contact toxicity of the terpenes was investigated at these concentrations: 0.08, 4, 8 and 12 ppm (terpene/maize), while fumigant action was studied at the following doses: 1, 2, 3, and 4 ppm. The results indicate that insecticidal effects were concentration-dependent since mortality increased with dosage and exposure periods. After a 14-day exposure period at the concentration of 12 ppm of α-pinene and 3-carene/grain, more than 98% mortality of the mature weevils was observed at concentrations of 4.1333 and 1.642 ppm respectively and progeny production was reduced by 98% and 100%, respectively. When α-pinene and 3-carene were applied as fumigants, LC50s (lethal concentrations that generate 50% mortality) of 1.402 and 0.610 ppm were obtained after 24 h of exposure, respectively. At concentrations above 3 ppm, both monoterpenes acted as repellents to weevils and reduced grain damage by 80%. Both monoterpenes inhibited the development of immature stages of the weevil and reduced progeny by up to 94%. These compounds are very promising and effective and could be exploited as novel phytoinsecticides against the maize weevil.

The study was undertaken to evaluate the adulticidal efficacy of the methanolic leaf extracts and essential oils of Chenopodium ambrosioides, Hyptis suaveolens and Lippia adoensis against adults of Anopheles gambiae. A chemical profile of each plant extracts (qualitative phytochemical screening) and essential oil (GC/MS analysis) was also determined. Doses of 125, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/bottle of plant extracts and 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/bottle of essential oils were prepared and tested using CDC bottles. In each plant extract, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenolic groups, terpenoids, fats and oils were presents. Major chemical constituents of essential oils were thymol (27.09%), sabinene (18.93%) and 4-carene (52.88%) in L. adoensis, H. suaveolens and C. ambrosioides, respectively. L. adoensis extract (at 1000 mg/bottle) and essential oil of H. suaveolens (at 200 mg/bottle) were the most potent causing 100% mortality of An. gambiae adults, 24 h post-exposure. Methanolic extract of L. adoensis (LC50= 20.20 mg/bottle) was the most effective compared to other extracts. Similarly, essential oil of H. suaveolens (LC50= 5.27 mg/bottle) was revealed as the most toxic on An. gambiae adults compared to other oils. Therefore, the extracts of L. adoensis and essential oil of H. suaveolens showed a high activity and should be recommended to be promoting as natural bioinsecticides to control mosquito adults.